5 Best Essay Writing Services

5 Best Essay Writing Services Help in this manner can help you understand how to write your content. Of course, when you are unable to write your paper it can still be completed based on your standards and requirements by a professional essay writer who cares. Control the way our essays are written â€" from choosing your writer to requesting changes until you're happy. We hand-pick the world’s best writers so that your essay is worthy of a top-performing student. Our professional writers are extensively trained and experienced, and we will assign a person with the appropriate level of expertise for your specific school assignment. We want you to have the best experience and earn an excellent grade thanks to our aid. They don’t have the time â€" People don’t know just how packed a college schedule is, especially for a student who is studying full-time and working at the same time. Exam periods are particularly ruthless and between going to class, reading, studying, writing, and working, there is simply no time for a kid to do them all. It’s understandable that one may seek help from time to time, and that is exactly what the aim of custom writing services is. This is one way of doing things, and it works for some people. This is to say, if you’ve been taught that your essay should unravel as you go, and I shouldn’t understand your whole argument until the very end, then you’ve been taught wrong. I should know exactly what you’re going to argue by the time I’ve finished your introduction. This isn’t an Agatha Christie novel, it’s an argument. The typical assignment I have in mind will be an argumentative essay, in which you argue for something, even if just an interpretation of someone an author’s work. These pages provide strategies you can use to help refine, structure and present your position and argument throughout a written essay. The principles of persuasive writing presented here apply to most forms of academic writing and can be adapted to all disciplines. Essay Punch takes users through the process of writing an essay. From pre-set writing prompts users learn to develop an idea and write their descriptive, informative and persuasive essays. This brief guide is intended to provide you with basic tips which will allow you to succeed in undergraduate essay writing. If you follow the advice presented here, your essays will probably be quite good. If you don’t, they might still be alright, but they probably won’t be as good as they could have been. As students advance, to improve essay writing skills they need in-depth support. They need to organize their thoughts and learn to clearly communicate their ideas in writing. As a student, you will find that it is essential to master the skill of writing well-reasoned, articulate, and well-presented essays. You will usually need to write essays as part of your coursework and in exams, and you may also be required to submit a dissertation in order to achieve a degree or similar qualification. Your work, either practical and theoretical, does not exist in isolation. You are part of an academic community and you need to consider your writing in a contemporary art context. By interpreting other people's work and using it in your own way you can indicate the significance of these ideas to your own argument. By commenting on or evaluating the work of others you demonstrate your own understanding of the topic you are investigating and indicate how your contribution to the debate fits in. College is a time when broke kids survive on ramen noodles, so how likely is it for them to be able to pay some premium price for writing services? A great way is to discuss the issue with your instructor or teaching assistant. You can even try talking about it to a friend or family member. Although writing an essay is daunting for many people, it can be pretty straight-forward. It should be an appropriate guide for writing at the middle school, high school, and lower college levels. Undergraduate and graduate level â€" At BoomEssays.com, we provide help with assignments, regardless of the level you are studying at. We know that all students require assistance, no matter if they are undergraduates or graduates. Familiarize yourself with the material before you begin writing. You won’t be able to write much if you don’t have anything to put on the page. Think about your paper topic as soon as you get the paper assignment prompt from your instructor. You may be used to thinking of academic essays as documents, pieces of writing, but it’s perhaps more useful to think of an essay as a process. A whole range of twenty possible argument essay titles. Students can take one title and write 250+ words using a similar structure to the essays above.

Essay Writing Technique

Essay Writing Technique We assume no responsibility for errors or mistakes. We reserve the right to make deletions, additions, or modifications to the content at any given time without prior notice. What is the underlying information they want to learn from your essay? Write in a way that shows you are the best candidate for the scholarship. If you have a chance to show your essay to your English instructor or academic adviser, do so. For more information, please see our dedicated page regarding Studying in the UK and Coronavirus (COVID-19). Evidence â€" Again pretty self-explanatory, this is the stage in your paragraph where you provide evidence to back up your Point and Explanation. Now is the time to pull out your ammunition of carefully referenced sources to support your assertions that Your Point Is Important And Valid. In some cases we may be compensated on an affiliate basis when users take certain actions. In order to comply with FTC guidelines we want to be transparent that ScholarshipOwl may get compensated by companies and/or partners based on an affiliate or advertiser partnership. Not only do cell phones distract instructors, but they may also distract students trying to pay attention to the lecture. This is the same effect as a moviegoer looking at his phone in a theater. Even if the phone makes no noise, the light from the screen is enough to catch someone’s attention. The essay covered everything we wanted to without the need for extra words. If the prompt asked for at least 500 words, we would add another sentence to support one of the paragraphs. We might get compensated for example for mentioning partners, by you, the user, making a clicking, purchasing, or signing up for a product or service through a tracking link. In no way are we responsible for the accuracy, relevance, timeliness, or completeness of any information on these external websites. Always think about your audience when writing a scholarship essay. What organization is issuing the scholarship, and how can you tie that into your writing? You can use the feedback to improve the essay before submitting it. Give yourself at least two full days to write the essay. You can use the first day to write a draft and do some minor editing. Point â€" Present the main point of your paragraph. This will obviously vary in length, depending on the allocated word count of your essay, but should take between one and four sentences to introduce. The information provided on this blog is for informational purposes only. It is intended to provide opinions and educational information. It is not intended as individual advice and should not be taken as substitute for professional advice. Since that was not a requirement though, we kept the essay as-is to avoid sounding wordy or repetitive. If our thesis was that cell phones should NOT be controlled in college, we would explain the dangers of not having access to cell phones. The body paragraphs should provide support for the thesis. Then on the second day, you can look at the essay with fresh eyes to do your final edits. The primary argument supporting cell phone control in the classroom is the fact that phones can be distracting.

Expository Paragraphs

Expository Paragraphs You might have learned a large number of fancy words when studying for an entrance exam. But before you start using them in academic essays, be very sure you know what they mean in the context of your essay. This process will help expand your vocabulary over time. We will produce a document that will blow the teacher away. No more cramming as the paper is delivered right on time. Make sure you have researched all the content, information accuracy checked. Try writing an essay in a way that the user finds it interesting and develops enthusiasm in it and finishes it completely. Write the first paragraph interesting as it draws the user’s attention and they keep them going. It is necessary to recheck it again after finishing the essay because making grammar mistakes is not acceptable in any essay writings. If you have any concerns, take a look at our reviews page - to find out what clients have said about this paper writing service. Unsatisfied clients are entitled to free reviews and rewrites up to 30 days. Every complaint will be considered and acted upon. This means that our clients can have college papers done in moments or 2 weeks, regardless of the number of pages. We have an absolutely outstanding plagiarism checker, which all of our writers are obliged to use. You will create a memory of using proper grammar or spelling a word correctly. So, you will be more likely to write it correctly next time. If they find mistakes that you make often, you will be able to watch more closely for that error as you write future essays. This friend will also be able to point out grammatical or spelling errors that you might have missed. For those who are seeking reviews of our service, we have EssayPro reviews page in-app. Take a stroll around the reviews our clients have left us regarding the work and experience they have had. We truly value and take on-board customer feedback. It helps us learn and grow, which widely affects future orders. So, use correct punctuation and spellings and make your reader connected with an essay. The following are different types of essay topics in English for students who are categorized in many sections so that you can easily choose the topic as per your need and requirement. Crafting a report is an easy deal whenever you decide to cooperate with us. Don’t worry if something goes wrong with your draft. We guarantee to fix it for free if this is our writers’ fault. Each client can choose an appropriate writer to buy an essay from. They can do this by looking at factors such as success rates and customer reviews. Every writer we employ is a native speaker of English and comes from either the USA, Australia, UK, Canada, Ireland, or New Zealand. We only want what’s best for our customer's well-being. Satisfaction is taken very seriously with our paper writing service. Here at EssayPro, we offer a service guarantee when you buy an essay. Using these words when you write will also make your essay more vibrant . Just make sure you learn something new every time you write an essay, and you willgrow your abilities.

4 Tips For Essay Writing

4 Tips For Essay Writing The final result of using our service is also that students can finally breathe and all of their worries are taken away. Entrepreneurs can finally focus on making money and still get the results they acquire in their academics. If you are unsatisfied with your essay, do not worry. In that case, our policy states that that customer is entitled to an unlimited amount of free revisions and rewrites within the first 30 days are the completion of the paper. When you are referencing, always use a referencing guide to help you ensure 100% accuracy. The Topic Sentence should unambiguously express the topic of the paragraph and be linked with the overall thesis of the essay. Although we strive to write essay tasks on time, you may require a review of the paper as we download the document. The customers, who wish to change the structure of the text, are entitled to get a free revision. Each profile shows the success rate, a star-rating, and subject specification. Apart from that, we feel it’s important to know your chosen essayist inside out. Thus, they also contain a short biography from the professional writer to enable customers to see what kind of person he or she is. And a list of reviews for the author left by previous clients to give you an insight into customer satisfaction. The best essay service looks forward to long-term cooperation with every client who uses our company for academic assistance. The paper will also be reviewed by another writer with a higher success rate to make sure it is of high quality. We also have a quality assurance team who check the paper for any plagiarism and errors. All of our academic scholars have their profiles. This is a bulletproof way to make the clients come back for more. The experts, working at our company, hold degrees in relevant fields of knowledge. They know how to use various citation styles and have passed numerous tests to prove their ability. Now, they are doing their best to earn the approval of students. We wish all of our clients to use EssayPro with a smile on their faces. You can be confident that high-quality papers were written on-time at the customer’s convenience. Every academic scholar has several years of experience in the essay writing industry, as well as being fully qualified. Many students don’t have the time to work on their academic papers due to balancing with other responsibilities, for example, part-time work. If you’re tired of the boring lectures from your professor, then subscribe to our YouTube channel. Here, we explore everything related to essay writing in a smooth and easy to understand way. The tutors reading and marking your essays deserve your consideration. They will be reading and marking many, many student essays. If you make your argument hard to follow, so that they need to re-read a paragraph to try to make sense of what you have written, you will cause irritation, and make their job slower. Those, who come to our service, know that they can rely on the specialists of choice. The writers have been thoroughly checked in order to find out whether they meet the standards of the company. I had my doubts when I first filled in the order form. Essays are a common form of assessment in many tertiary-level disciplines. The ability to construct good essays involves understanding the process and the conventions of essay writing. The more experience you get in writing essays, the more comfortable you will become with this genre. Let’s look at one of the paragraphs from the chocolate essay to see how the text is an interplay of the internal voice of the writer and the external voices of other authors. Referencing is integral to academic essay writing and shouldn’t be viewed as an ‘add-on’. A topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph, and it summarizes the rest of the paragraph. You can create them first to help you stay on track when writing your essay. When you are first assigned the topic, go ahead and really explore the possible options for your thesis. The more questions you ask before you start writing, the more information you will have to use in the essay. After all, we are often told that you can never get a top paper for sale. The writer convinced me that the paper is going to be 100% original, so I decided not to waste time. Are you too busy to complete your academic assignments? When using one of our expert scholars, you can take the time you need to do the things you are required to do outside of your student life.

Grading Essays

Grading Essays Make sure your example is relevant to the question and thesis. This is a detailed paragraph, so how has the student gone from their notes to a complex response? Let’s see the steps that Matrix English Students are taught to follow when using evidence in a T.E.E.L structure. Here you’ll find a suggested approach to follow. Once you’ve written the whole essay, read over it again. Look at every premise you’ve used and claim you’ve made. Be aware whilst you’re reading that all arguments and authors are fallible. Think about the text you’re reading and think how you might respond to it. Whenever possible, use an example to support your position. This will ensure that the essay remains about your insights and perspective on the text and module. Don’t let critics overshadow your perspective â€" Don’t begin a paragraph with somebody else’s perspective. Begin with your interpretation of the text and then compare theirs with your own. for example, in a Module A essay when discussing evidence, explain how it conveys context or demonstrates the importance of storytelling. Incorporate the Module concerns into your topic and linking sentences â€" Don’t merely make the topic sentences about a theme or the text. Connect them to the module by incorporating the language of the Module Rubric. Anybody can memorise a selection of examples and list them. Introductions and conclusions are very important because they are the first and last words that your marker read. First impressions and final impressions matter, so it is very important to get them right! So, we need to know what an introduction needs to do. Explain the relevance of the critic â€" Don’t just quote critics, explain in detail why you disagree or agree with them. Write out that response, then tell me why it doesn’t defeat your argument, or at least why it only mitigates it. This is the stuff that actually makes up your argument. Make sure you relate the introduction to the Module. You have discussed the module concerns throughout the essayâ€" You just have to summarise the relevance into one sentence. You know what your themes areâ€" You can use your topic sentences to produce your thematic framework. You already have your thesisâ€" You just need to polish the wording of it. Don’t worry, it may sound like a lot, but it isn’t really. Let’s have a look at some of the practical steps that Year 11 Matrix English students learn in class. This is the single easiest way to get more marks. If I see an argument citing an author whom nobody else has mentioned, and it’s a decent argument, it will make my day. You will save yourself literally days over the course of your university career. They allow you to reference as you write, and you can create and reformat your bibliography and citations at the touch of a button. Finally, make sure you formulate every claim in the strongest possible terms. Don’t make your opponent look like they have no arguments, or take the weakest version of their argument. Think about the strongest possible response to the claim you’ve put forward, then beat that. If you’re making a claim, you need to tell me why that claim is correct. Think of a potential response to your argument, perhaps from an author you’re arguing against. Reread the question and your thesis in response to it. Check your plan and decide what the focus of the paragraph will be. Evidence and argument presented in a T.E.E.L structure â€" This is the substance of your argument. Now that we’ve refreshed our memory, let’s pick up where we left off with the last post. Writing an essay can be thought of as a process, and as such you may find it helpful to break down the task of essay-writing into a number of stages.

How To Write An Essay In 5 Easy Steps

How To Write An Essay In 5 Easy Steps That’s what many people think, just started learning in higher education. On our and other writing essay services, you can order work in the most diverse, even unique theme. Every student knows that plagiarism can lead to terrible consequences so we make sure that you won’t have such a problem when ordering your assignments here. Our writing experts always create academic papers from scratch. Our Money Back Guarantee is another reason to choose our company. Even if our writers fail to fulfill your expectations, you won’t regret asking for help. All that you need the correct title and most detailed input data. In our services we have research paper writing, we would like to have different opportunities to help our clients with their requests with different disciplines. Cover letters, job applications and a wide variety of academic papers and other paper editing services you can try online. Creative writing, editing help, actual topics, and burning issues and other services - you can get in a few hours today. The reader should end up being satisfied, knowing that he learned something new from your essay and he just spent quality time with it. Leave some space for further research and intrigue the reader to dig deeper into the topic and find out more about the things you tackled. It needs to connect all loose ends of the paper's body, restate the thesis statement, and end with a bang. The conclusion is the part that leaves lasting impressions. When you have a mind map in front of you, you'll know exactly what you're trying to achieve. The essay writing process will be much faster thanks to the minutes you spent in outlining. Take a plain piece of paper and write down all ideas that come to your mind. If you realize at least one thing that you like in writing essays, you may really want to do this and enjoy the working process. At the same time, higher education has been transformed into an industry, another sphere of economic activity where goods and services are bought and sold. By this logic, a student who pays a fair market price for it has earned whatever grade it brings. At the opposite extreme, other students express only personal opinions with little or no researched evidence or examples taken from other writers to support their views. Some students' essays amount to catalogues of factual material or summaries of other people's thoughts, attitudes, philosophies or viewpoints. Originality is as important as quality research and the right citation format. The shrewd shopper, it seems, invests the least time and effort necessary to get the goods. It is best not to become involved in an unproductive multiplicity of drafts. The remedy is to analyse the question again and write another, simple, plan based on how to organise the material you are not happy with in the draft of your essay. Rewrite the essay according to that revised plan and resist the tendency to panic in the middle, tear it up and start all over again. It is important to get to the end and then revise again. Otherwise you will have a perfect opening couple of paragraphs and potentially the rest of the essay in disarray. Such a style is fine for personal letters or notes, but not in an essay. You can be personal, but a certain degree of formality and objectivity is expected in an academic essay. I had no trust in writing services before I found Writingessayeast.com. I had a negative experience with one company before, so this is why I was so suspicious. However, my condition was desperate and had no choice but to request custom paper. I was ready to get a stock quality piece, but this was a really really good one. I appreciate your help and will come back again. All the information used by our writers for orders is taken from reliable and checked recourses, essay writers use only accurate data. The facts are confirmed with the appropriate example, the citation and reference list are added. It would seem that what could be easier than writing an essay? It is not any scientific work, which requires a huge amount of investment in time and effort. In addition, ordering your papers here is 100% safe, as we care about your privacy and never disclose your personal information to anyone. Many students write informative papers and generate interesting ideas but make grammar mistakes or forget to put a comma where it’s necessary. Such mistakes can undermine the success of the whole work. Thanks to our team of proofreaders and editors, you can be sure that your papers will be perfect.

Resourceful Essay Recycling

Resourceful Essay Recycling The more experience you get in writing essays, the more comfortable you will become with this genre. The tutors reading and marking your essays deserve your consideration. They will be reading and marking many, many student essays. If you make your argument hard to follow, so that they need to re-read a paragraph to try to make sense of what you have written, you will cause irritation, and make their job slower. Realistically, it is possible that they may even decide not to make that effort. While like an expository essay in its presentation of facts, the goal of the persuasive essay is to convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or recommendation. The writer must build a case using facts and logic, as well as examples, expert opinion, and sound reasoning. However, this type of essay is not description for description’s sake. The descriptive essay strives to communicate a deeper meaning through the description. In a descriptive essay, the writer should show, not tell, through the use of colorful words and sensory details. The best descriptive essays appeal to the reader’s emotions, with a result that is highly evocative. Essays are a common form of assessment in many tertiary-level disciplines. The ability to construct good essays involves understanding the process and the conventions of essay writing. The writer should present all sides of the argument, but must be able to communicate clearly and without equivocation why a certain position is correct. A cousin of the narrative essay, a descriptive essay paints a picture with words. A writer might describe a person, place, object, or even memory of special significance. Here, we explore everything related to essay writing in a smooth and easy to understand way. The body of the essay consists of a number of paragraphs in which you present your main points and evidence to support them. If you have planned and prepared appropriately, writing the body of the essay should be fairly easy. It will almost be a case of expanding what you have in note form into complete sentences, adding specific details where necessary. The best essay service looks forward to long-term cooperation with every client who uses our company for academic assistance. We wish all of our clients to use EssayPro with a smile on their faces. It is your task to present your argument in a way that your audience can follow; it is not your audience’s job to launch an investigation to detect the points you are trying to make. Underpinning the structure will be the ‘argument’ your essay is making. You can be confident that high-quality papers were written on-time at the customer’s convenience. Every academic scholar has several years of experience in the essay writing industry, as well as being fully qualified. Many students don’t have the time to work on their academic papers due to balancing with other responsibilities, for example, part-time work. If you’re tired of the boring lectures from your professor, then subscribe to our YouTube channel. Slang and jargon should not be used and long, rambling sentences should be avoided. A good dictionary is the writer’s friend â€" spell checks cannot always be relied on. Your grammar (sentence structure, use of vocabulary…) should be considered carefully, as should punctuation. Together with research and planning, these areas make an impression on the reader. Again this may be strong and obvious, or it may be almost invisible, but it needs to be there. In different subject areas, and with different styles of writing, the term ‘argument’ may seem more or less relevant. However, even in those essays that appear to be highly creative, unscientific, or personal, an argument of some kind is being made. Essays should be presented word processed as directed on A4 paper.

Essay Info

Essay Info The student may move from the text to questions to freewriting or brainstorming to drafting, then go back to the text and so on, deepening her analysis by asking questions. She may use a range of visually rich, active-learning methods to generate ideas, get her thoughts in order and fill gaps. As she figuring out the story she’s trying to tell, her early drafts will most likely be incomplete, overwritten or hard for the reader to follow. Will you be composing a general overview or a specific analysis? If you will be penning a general overview, you can probably scamper off to number two now. As instructors, we also have to give up some control over our assignments. For a truly student-centered process to work, we can’t ask leading questions or make decisions for our students. Giving students the reading, writing and thinking skills required for a process like this is, to put it mildly, challenging -- for students and instructors alike. We’re asking students to give up certainties and formulae, to dive into the unknown. We’re taking away the safety of falling back on generalizations, personal experience and conventional wisdom. The process work we’re advocating here is multistaged, iterative, messy work. Check out our Scholarship Match to find scholarships that are write for you. The information provided on this blog is for informational purposes only. It is intended to provide opinions and educational information. It is not intended as individual advice and should not be taken as substitute for professional advice. And when you want to hurry up and get this writing assignment done, you don’t want to waste time on unreliable sources. If the topic has not been assigned, think about the purpose of the essay. What do you want to do â€" persuade, inform, instruct? Always think about your audience when writing a scholarship essay. What organization is issuing the scholarship, and how can you tie that into your writing? What is the underlying information they want to learn from your essay? Write in a way that shows you are the best candidate for the scholarship. If you have a chance to show your essay to your English instructor or academic adviser, do so. In some cases we may be compensated on an affiliate basis when users take certain actions. In order to comply with FTC guidelines we want to be transparent that ScholarshipOwl may get compensated by companies and/or partners based on an affiliate or advertiser partnership. We might get compensated for example for mentioning partners, by you, the user, making a clicking, purchasing, or signing up for a product or service through a tracking link. In no way are we responsible for the accuracy, relevance, timeliness, or completeness of any information on these external websites. And that means she’ll have to revise and rethink and ask more questions. She’ll come to her overall claim, introduction and conclusion from her discoveries -- not the other way around. Use your writing skills to apply for scholarships. You can use the feedback to improve the essay before submitting it. Give yourself at least two full days to write the essay. You can use the first day to write a draft and do some minor editing. We assume no responsibility for errors or mistakes. We reserve the right to make deletions, additions, or modifications to the content at any given time without prior notice. If you intend to educate your audience, you had better choose a topic on which you are well informed. If you are trying to persuade the readers, you’ll need to have at least a little enthusiasm for the subject. If you are writing a specific analysis, make sure your topic is…specific. If you have started with something too broad, narrow it down to a manageable subtopic. Determine which type of essay you are supposed to be writing.

Essay Writer

Essay Writer He believes that the plan for any type of essay is the same but how you approach essay writing is critical. The only thing that changes for each essay is the length and complexity of the project. When I first came to the UK, it was hard to catch up with the study load. Promptness coupled with the highest quality â€" that’s what I like here. The assigned writer turned out to be very knowledgeable in the subject. He absolutely did his best with my research paper, for which I’m very grateful. There’s no need to overpay for services that could cost you less in British pounds. Remember the way these points are ordered makes your argument clearer to the reader. You may have to present your argument for the essay under broad themes like ‘economic’, ‘social’, ‘political’ or ‘religious’ reasons. If you want to produce good essay writing, you need your English Grammar to be clear and correct. At Summer Boarding Courses, we understand that English Grammar can sometimes be very confusing and unintuitive. Make sure you understand which theme suits each of your points, then group your all points on the same theme in order of importance into a separate paragraph. Underline key words in the essay title so you really understand the question being asked. It’s not about writing all you know about a topic. Be advised that this service is completely legal and does not infringe any college/university law. Meeting desperate deadlines is another thing that we do up to par. Make an order now, and we’ll do it in a couple of hours. The paper received from our company may be used as a source for a deeper comprehension on the subject, or as a source for your own academic research. Please be also aware on how to cite any taken insights. Get the top-notch paper writing service that’s rather inexpensive and, most importantly, pays off with a positive result. As simple as that, you can have any homework assignment done by an expert in your subject for cheap. We’ll recruit a premium writer who’ll write you a brilliant essay and fulfill your order on the same day. If you’re in a great hurry, then we’re the experts to ask for help. A conclusion is the final paragraph of your essay. It should tie all the loose ends of your argument together. After the introduction add further paragraphs to build your argument, make the most important points first. They don’t have the time â€" People don’t know just how packed a college schedule is, especially for a student who is studying full-time and working at the same time. Exam periods are particularly ruthless and between going to class, reading, studying, writing, and working, there is simply no time for a kid to do them all. It’s understandable that one may seek help from time to time, and that is exactly what the aim of custom writing services is. This was the first time I ordered content from this writing service and I’m very satisfied with its quality! Can't believe the traffic I am getting thanks to you. This book covers every aspect of academic writing for College, University and Secondary students. We love how simple, honest and clear his instructions are and believe you will complete your writing task much more confidently with his advice.

Writing Tips « Writers Workshop

Writing Tips « Writers Workshop Just don't describe your car in cold, clinical detail, front to back without having in mind the purpose, the overall impression you want to create. To achieve this impression, you should not necessarily include all details; use only those that suit your purpose. I’m glad I don’t have to spend too much time on this assignment. I thought I was going to fail this class this time. This essay saved me and I’m very grateful to all those who helped me. Anyway, if you are not looking for a masterpiece, this service is a nice place to order it. I would prefer my essay to have more examples and specific conclusions, however, the lack of time did not let me take the full advantage of revisions. A quote from your subject or a brief anecdote about him or her may provide an interesting introduction ; dialogue can be a great way to add interest to a descriptive essay. Even description for description's sake should have a purpose. Is there an important overall impression you wish to convey? This tool will tell you just how easy it is to follow your writing. Paste it in, and it will score your writing against several grading scales. This guide helps you get prepared to head out and begin your first year of college, providing you with lots of practical tips, as well as lots of writing tools for you to try out. This tool will give you an outline and guidance on writing it with very little input from you. All you have to do is answer a few questions with short statements, and you’ll get a full outline for your essay. There’s the Thesis Builder that helps you create and outline the ideas for your essay, or the Topic-O-Rama tool, that helps you come up with a good topic for your assignment. The way an essay question is presented will give you an indication of the type of essay you will need to produce. Regardless, there are similar processes you should follow to plan for and write your essay. This is your thesis; organize your essay around it. Or, you might describe your car as an immaculate, beautiful, pampered woman on whom you lavish attention and money. This blog points out that it’s hard to get proofreading right if you’re the only one who’s proofreading your work. It lists several helpful tools that can help you get it right the first time before you hand that essay in. You may have a lot of ideas that you want to get down on paper, but if no one can understand them then what’s the point? When it’s done, you’ll have the average reading age needed to understand your work. This guide collects together resources that you can use if you’re writing your college admissions essay. Starting your new life as a college student is both exciting and terrifying, all at the same time. There is nothing I could be disappointed with at this point. Of course, I could have done it myself, but I was too pressed for time. The deadline was kind of a problem and I got my paper a bit later than I wanted to. But it’s fine, the most important thing is the quality of writing and it is high. It is amazing that now I can get my paper as fast as within only five hours. The Conclusion summarises key points of the essay. A good conclusion doesn’t simply regurgitate content, rather it gives the reader a concise summary of the key points and a clear idea of your stance on the topic. The conclusion should not contain any new information. Essays require careful planning that involves knowing what to research, conducting research and finally writing your research up in an essay format.

Essay Writer & Essay Writing Service

Essay Writer & Essay Writing Service For assignments that require double spacing, it would take approximately 250 words to fill the page. Again, the type of font used can make the word count higher or lower, but it’s a good rule of thumb for those who are simply looking for a general estimation. Now, down the left side of the page, under the topic, write Roman numerals I, II, and III, sequentially. Get started by drawing a circle in the middle of a paper just big enough to write in. Expository - Also known as explanatory essays, expositories provide explanations of something. Try to go for the websites that end with .edu or .gov. For example, if you are writing on any journalism topic, then go for BBC or other well-known news websites. Always avoid the least reliable sources, such as blogs or random articles. Well, I hope, that the above sections cleared it all. To make it more clear for you, here are a few examples which you can refer to understand more. These are short essay examples which you will easily understand. As a short essay is determined by its length, it should have maximum of 3 body paragraphs. Each paragraph can represent one point but, there should be a flow between those paragraphs. This is not accurate for academic papers with 1″ margins. This would depend heavily on how big/small you write. it’s like different fonts take up different amount of space on a page, so does your specific handwriting. Or to education about a person, place, thing or idea? The topic you choose needs to support the purpose of your essay. If your information is from reliable sources, your chances of getting excellence will get high. Students love Time4Writing’s online writing courses because they help develop strong writing skills and a high level of comfort with the entire writing process. The online writing courses provide a personal approach for students because they work one-on-one with a certified teacher. Coherence is the quality that makes your writing understandable. Sentences within a paragraph need to connect to each other and work together as a whole. One of the best ways to achieve coherency is to use transition words. Analytical - An analytical essay paper breaks down an idea or issue into its its key components. It evaluates the issue or idea by presenting analysis of the breakdown and/or components to the the reader. If you're expected to choose your own topic, then the first step is to define the purpose of your essay. The best way to know your per page word count would be to look at past pages and count the number of words you write for each page. it’s time consuming, but any other estimate is bound not to be accurate since it’s so dependent on your handwriting. Why is everything word count these days instead of page count? When I was in school when I was younger, all assignments were page count. This part contains your main ideas and supporting evidence or facts. You need to put the strongest argument in the first paragraph and then later support it with appropriate facts. The essay needs to answer the question or, you can say the topic assigned to you. You might be facing difficulties in writing a 200 word essay or a 500 word essay, but don’t worry as I am here to help you. You can also visit allassignmenthelp.com to get quick online essay help. The introductory paragraph must introduce the idea which will be discussed in the essay. 3 paragraphs out of 5, should be of the main body. You can also see how others are doing points-wise if you're at all competitive that way. How I see it, points can motivate early on, and eventually the joy of writing will kick in and you'll be writing without any external motivation at all. Over time, I've found that it's also very helpful as a tool to get thoughts going that have become stuck, or to help get to the bottom of a rotten mood.

How To Improve Your Essay Writing Quickly

How To Improve Your Essay Writing Quickly There are over a dozen types of essays, so it’s easy to get confused. However, rest assured, the number is actually more manageable. This counter-intuitive brainstorming technique helps perfectionists by taking the pressure off. What would be a really terrible essay idea that would make your teacher angry with you for writing it? If you’re stuck in a loop of “can’t think of anything”, this technique can give your brain a jolt, and you may well find that instead of lots of bad ideas, you keep thinking of good ones. Tell the reader how the information in the paragraph helps you answer the question and how it leads to your conclusion. Your analysis should attempt to persuade the reader that your conclusion is the correct one. The number of pages you write depends on several factors. Choosing your own essay title requires you to think about topics (say, Hamlet?) in ways you may not have considered before. One of the most exciting and challenging parts of moving forward through your academic career is the increasing amount of freedom you get to decide what you want to write about. This is the part of your paragraph where you explain to your reader why the evidence supports the point and why that point is relevant to your overall argument. Emphasize only one point or experience, as well as reflections on it, within each paragraph. Your introduction must be eye-catching, so the readers become engaged immediately. In a reflective essay, you need to express your thoughts and emotions about certain events or phenomena. These elements include the average length of your words and whether your page is single- or double-spaced. But there are other aspects of your writing that you should consider when writing 1,000 words, such as font style, font size, and margins. If you're asked to submit a paper with single spacing, you will be writing two-and-a-half pages. Set yourself an allotted amount of time to write and you could end up somewhere you had never considered before. This is excellent advice, and applicable in realms far beyond writing, such as choosing Christmas presents. If you look at your topic and nothing stands out to you, then it’s time to start making things stand out. You can apply this principle to anything that strikes you as weird, as annoying, as not quite right, and use that instinct as a springboard to explore a topic properly. You may even be offered the chance to do this a little earlier, where you get given a list of essay titles but also told that you can come up with your own if you’d like. The school curriculum actually makes this quite easy, because we seldom study the typical, run-of-the-mill events, people, books, discoveries and so on. We look at how a king did things differently to his predecessors, for instance, rather than the points of continuity â€" unless there was so much continuity as to be notable in its own right. When writing a reflective essay, keep a formal tone in mind. Compose a mind-map and create an outline which gives a clear direction to your writing. In most reflective essays, apart from describing what went right, you may also describe what went wrong, or how an experience could have been improved. Usage of one or more quotations in the introduction can make your writing more authoritative. State your supporting arguments, ideas, and examples in the body paragraphs. Essentially there are four major types of essays, with the variations making up the remainder. Parents, does your student need assistance with essays? Sign up for either ourElementary School Essay Writing,Middle School Essay WritingorHigh School Essay Writingcourse for 1-to-1 guidance.

Main Answer Writing Practice

Main Answer Writing Practice If crafting a good essay isn’t your strong suit, you’re going to struggle with acing your test or paper. With a few essay writing tips, you can turn in an effective essay that will wow your teacher and get you the grade you deserve. As with creative writing, it is better to show than to tell. That’s not all, when you work with Writers Per Hour, you’re not just outsourcing to quality writers but you’re also working with quick essay writers. It takes a whole lot of precision and expertise to be able write high-quality essays within quick turnarounds and we are proud to deliver that. Many students hesitate to reach out to essay writing websites because of some negative experiences they’ve had in the past. Let us tell you, it’s totally acceptable to have your essay written by a professional service like ours. Entrepreneurs can finally focus on making money and still get the results they acquire in their academics. If you are unsatisfied with your essay, do not worry. In that case, our policy states that that customer is entitled to an unlimited amount of free revisions and rewrites within the first 30 days are the completion of the paper. The paper will also be reviewed by another writer with a higher success rate to make sure it is of high quality. One good way to conclude a paper is to begin the last paragraph with a statement that reflects on what has been stated and proved, without repeating it exactly. Then you should briefly restate your key points to gently remind the reader how well you proved your thesis. Your conclusion should end with a statement or idea that leaves a strong impression and provokes further thought. No information is disclosed without your explicit permission. Are you too busy to complete your academic assignments? When using one of our expert scholars, you can take the time you need to do the things you are required to do outside of your student life. The final result of using our service is also that students can finally breathe and all of their worries are taken away. The paragraphs of the essay contain the main ideas and arguments of the essay together with illustrations or examples. The paragraphs are linked in order to connect the ideas. The purpose of the essay must be made clear and the reader must be able to follow its development. Today I'm going to be talking a little bit about guidelines for writing essays. We also have a quality assurance team who check the paper for any plagiarism and errors. All of our academic scholars have their profiles. Each profile shows the success rate, a star-rating, and subject specification. Apart from that, we feel it’s important to know your chosen essayist inside out. Thus, they also contain a short biography from the professional writer to enable customers to see what kind of person he or she is. If you have a topic on applied science, we will match you with the essay writer who knows inside out of it. Communication is vital for a successful service rendering. Choose the type of paper, specify your topic, and add instructions and materials our writer should use in your paper. The main body consists of one or more paragraphs of ideas and arguments. Each paragraph develops a subdivision of the topic. We ensure absolute confidentiality for all of our clients. Your personal information, as well as the details of your orders, won't be shared with a third party under any circumstances. No one will ever know that you used our essay writing services unless you tell someone. Rest assured, we treat each customer's sensitive data as if it were our own. Quote from your sources and, if they are visual, provide photocopies. Use evidence to support the topic sentence of each paragraph. And back up generalities with specific examples, the more vivid, the better. Your examples should support your topic sentences by making them convincing, while your topic sentences should explain the significance of your examples. The form of your Conclusion, like your introduction, is flexible. Being absolutely legitimate, it’s the future of education. When you order a paper at EssayTigers, you always receive 100% unique writing from scratch. We thoroughly check all papers with a reliable plagiarism detection system before delivering them to our client. We value our reputation and immediately stop any cooperation with writers whose texts fail plagiarism check. Since our launch in 2013, not a single client complained about plagiarism.

Essay Writing Service From Top

Essay Writing Service From Top Look over the writers’ ratings, success rating, and the feedback left by other students. Buy an essay cheap online using such services as Discover. You could also pay for your paper via Visa, MasterCard, or American Express card. We always process your payments with all due respect and privacy. Without any worries, you can have quality essays done for you well. If you’re tired of the boring lectures from your professor, then subscribe to our YouTube channel. Here, we explore everything related to essay writing in a smooth and easy to understand way. We are a freelance platform, which connects talented writers with students who need extra help on their assignments. We are all about assisting college students and helping them make the best of these years. Rest assured, we treat each customer's sensitive data as if it were our own. No information is disclosed without your explicit permission. Are you too busy to complete your academic assignments? When using one of our expert scholars, you can take the time you need to do the things you are required to do outside of your student life. The final result of using our service is also that students can finally breathe and all of their worries are taken away. Entrepreneurs can finally focus on making money and still get the results they acquire in their academics. If you are unsatisfied with your essay, do not worry. We wish all of our clients to use EssayPro with a smile on their faces. You can be confident that high-quality papers were written on-time at the customer’s convenience. Every academic scholar has several years of experience in the essay writing industry, as well as being fully qualified. All papers are unique because our writers are required to follow our strict quality assurance protocol, which includes anti-plagiarism. Many students don’t have the time to work on their academic papers due to balancing with other responsibilities, for example, part-time work. In that case, our policy states that that customer is entitled to an unlimited amount of free revisions and rewrites within the first 30 days are the completion of the paper. The paper will also be reviewed by another writer with a higher success rate to make sure it is of high quality. We also have a quality assurance team who check the paper for any plagiarism and errors. Being absolutely legitimate, it’s the future of education. We ensure absolute confidentiality for all of our clients. Your personal information, as well as the details of your orders, won't be shared with a third party under any circumstances. No one will ever know that you used our essay writing services unless you tell someone. Quality over price â€" this is a move by an intelligent student. Tutors want to see an original paper done according to instructions. Each profile shows the success rate, a star-rating, and subject specification. Apart from that, we feel it’s important to know your chosen essayist inside out. Thus, they also contain a short biography from the professional writer to enable customers to see what kind of person he or she is. And a list of reviews for the author left by previous clients to give you an insight into customer satisfaction. The best essay service looks forward to long-term cooperation with every client who uses our company for academic assistance. Then you should briefly restate your key points to gently remind the reader how well you proved your thesis. Your conclusion should end with a statement or idea that leaves a strong impression and provokes further thought. Let us tell you, it’s totally acceptable to have your essay written by a professional service like ours.

Essay Writing Service From Top

Essay Writing Service From Top Look over the writers’ ratings, success rating, and the feedback left by other students. Buy an essay cheap online using such services as Discover. You could also pay for your paper via Visa, MasterCard, or American Express card. We always process your payments with all due respect and privacy. Without any worries, you can have quality essays done for you well. If you’re tired of the boring lectures from your professor, then subscribe to our YouTube channel. Here, we explore everything related to essay writing in a smooth and easy to understand way. We are a freelance platform, which connects talented writers with students who need extra help on their assignments. We are all about assisting college students and helping them make the best of these years. Rest assured, we treat each customer's sensitive data as if it were our own. No information is disclosed without your explicit permission. Are you too busy to complete your academic assignments? When using one of our expert scholars, you can take the time you need to do the things you are required to do outside of your student life. The final result of using our service is also that students can finally breathe and all of their worries are taken away. Entrepreneurs can finally focus on making money and still get the results they acquire in their academics. If you are unsatisfied with your essay, do not worry. We wish all of our clients to use EssayPro with a smile on their faces. You can be confident that high-quality papers were written on-time at the customer’s convenience. Every academic scholar has several years of experience in the essay writing industry, as well as being fully qualified. All papers are unique because our writers are required to follow our strict quality assurance protocol, which includes anti-plagiarism. Many students don’t have the time to work on their academic papers due to balancing with other responsibilities, for example, part-time work. In that case, our policy states that that customer is entitled to an unlimited amount of free revisions and rewrites within the first 30 days are the completion of the paper. The paper will also be reviewed by another writer with a higher success rate to make sure it is of high quality. We also have a quality assurance team who check the paper for any plagiarism and errors. Being absolutely legitimate, it’s the future of education. We ensure absolute confidentiality for all of our clients. Your personal information, as well as the details of your orders, won't be shared with a third party under any circumstances. No one will ever know that you used our essay writing services unless you tell someone. Quality over price â€" this is a move by an intelligent student. Tutors want to see an original paper done according to instructions. Each profile shows the success rate, a star-rating, and subject specification. Apart from that, we feel it’s important to know your chosen essayist inside out. Thus, they also contain a short biography from the professional writer to enable customers to see what kind of person he or she is. And a list of reviews for the author left by previous clients to give you an insight into customer satisfaction. The best essay service looks forward to long-term cooperation with every client who uses our company for academic assistance. Then you should briefly restate your key points to gently remind the reader how well you proved your thesis. Your conclusion should end with a statement or idea that leaves a strong impression and provokes further thought. Let us tell you, it’s totally acceptable to have your essay written by a professional service like ours.

Gaius Julius Augustus Germanicus Caesar - Free Essay Example

Gaius Julius Augustus Germanicus Caesar was born on July 12 or July 13, 100 BCE, to the Praetor Gaius Julius Caesar, who controlled parts of Asia. His mother was a woman named Aurelia Cotta. When Julius became 16 years old, his father died. Being the oldest man alive in the family, Julius became head of the Caesar family. Soon after, Gaius became the high priest of Jupiter (Zeus), the god of lightning, thunder, and the gods. After becoming the High Priest of Jupiter, he became engaged to a patrician girl named Cornelia Cinna. The empire of Rome soon became under the rule of Sulla and purged Rome of people who believed in the Populare Ideology, and of his political enemies, like Cornelias father. Sulla attempted to force Caesar to divorce Cornelia, who was the daughter of one of Sullas rivals. According to Ancient History.eu, The Populare ideology was about favoring a democratic government and giving more rights to the lower class citizens. Caesar then fled Rome in a hope to escape Sulla, but he was stripped of his role of high priest, and Cornelias dowry was stolen. Without money, Caesar joined the Roman Army. During the time in the army, Gaius was given many awards, such as the civic crown, and was promoted to the ranks of military legate of Bithynia to gain control of a fleet of ships. Caesar then moved back to Rome for a new life after Sulla died. In 75 BCE, Caesar was captured by a group of pirates and was to be ransomed for 20 marks. Julius argued he should be ransomed for 50 marks, because of his talents on the battlefield. During his time during the ransom, he maintained a good relationship with the pirates. It is said that Caesar threatened the pirates multiple times to let him go or else when he was let free, he would hunt them down and crucify them. The pirates took this as a joke, however, and didnt believe him. After Caesar was let free, he hunted them down and slit the pirates throat before their crucifixion. When he got back to Rome, he was honored as a military tribune when in Rome. He became a lawyer and was extremely successful. He then went to Rhodes to study philosophy. Cornelia soon died of giving birth to a stillborn child, and Caesar married the granddaughter of Sulla, Pompeia. According to biography.com, Caesar then created a private army and fought Mithridates VI (6) Eupator who declared war on Rome. Caesar was successful in his battle with Mithridates, and worked with Pompey, and went up in political status. They would soon divorce. With his close friends Pompey and Crassus in 60 BC, forming the first trimutive. The trimutive lasted 7 years. It would have lasted longer if Crassus was not killed in battle. Pompey soon saw Caesar as an enemy, because of his growing power. They fought, and the battle went to Egypt. Pompey was killed in Egypt by the hand of Caesar. Cleopatra and Caesar soon had an alliance and had a child. The childs name was Caesarion. Cleopatra wanted Caesar to take Caesarion to Rome, and make him his heir. However, Caesars heir was already Octavian. He kept his promise to take Caesarion to Rome. When Caesar arrived back to Rome, he was named emperor. Julius Caesar was a leader who favored his citizens. He got rid of taxes, initiated the police force, let former enemies go in the Caesar and more. There was a conspiracy of Caesar, and a group of senators, fearing their power, started to play an assassination on Caesar, expecting to be treated as heroes when the emperor fell to the ground, dead. They had a plan to kill Julius Caesar on March 15, 44 BC. He was given a warning of Beware the Ides of March. He chose to ignore it, as he did not understand. On the day of a Senate meeting, which was held on the Ides of March, he was talking to the senators, when a group of them stood up, with weapons in their hands, they went up, and stabbed Caesar 23 times. His last words were the phrase which translates to English as You too, Child? In William Shakespeares play, Julius Caesar, the last words of Caesar were Et tu, Brute? which means Even you, Brutus?. He died at the age of 55 8/12 ye ars old. The conspirators went out and said People of Rome, you are free. and were met by angry citizens. instead treated instead of heroes, but as criminals, for Rome loved Caesar. Especially the commoners, who enjoyed how Caesar treated them. His death was the end of the Roman Republic, and the start of the bloody Roman Empire. I believe that Caesar was a great man, who ruled justly and loved the people in Rome. It was nice to hear that Caesar made life easier for the Romans, and made it so the Roman Republic was at peace before he was assassinated. He didnt deserve his death, and if he were to live on, he would have reformed the Roman Republic, and make Rome better than ever.

What Is Overregularization in Grammar

Overregularization is a  part of the language-learning process in which children extend regular grammatical patterns to irregular words, such as the use of goed   for went, or tooths for teeth. This is also known as regularization. Although technically wrong, says  Kathleen Stassen Berger, overregularization is actually a sign of verbal sophistication: it shows that children are applying the rules. Meanwhile, The cure for  overregularization, according to Steven Pinker and Alan Prince, is  living longer, thereby hearing irregular past tense forms more often and strengthening [childrens]  memory traces.   An Example of Overregularization He is a perfectly healthy little boy with no more fears and worries than any other youngsters his age [two and a half], but one night he awakens screaming for Mommy and Daddy. Ginger bited me! he wails. Ginger is the little cocker spaniel next door. Stevie had been playing with him that afternoon. Mother had been there the whole time.  Ginger had not bitten Stevie. No, darling, Ginger didnt bite you! says Mama, comforting him. He did.  He bited me  on my foot.(Selma H. Fraiberg, The Magic Years) What Childrens Errors Tell Us Childrens errors...give us an idea about the state of their developing grammar systems. In fact, it may be inappropriate even to call them errors since they are often logical forms for the childs current state of development. The kinds of variation from adult rules that children make are often not ones that parents are likely to have made in any context, so children did not learn these variations through repetition. What parent would say to a child, often enough for the child to have acquired through repetition: The baby goed home or The baby wented home, My feets hurt or  even My foots hurt? In each of these utterances, it is clear that the child has figured out a commonly used structure rule but has not yet learned that there are exceptions to the rule.(Elizabeth Winkler, Understanding Language: A Basic Course in Linguistics, 2nd ed.) Overregularization and Plurality [O]ne of the first rules that English-speaking children apply is to add -s to form the plural. Overregularization leads many young children to talk about foots, tooths, sheeps, and mouses. They may even put the -s on adjectives when the adjectives are acting as nouns, as in this dinner-table exchange between my 3-year-old and her father:Sarah: I want somes.​Father: You want some what?Sarah: I want some mores.Father: Some more what?Sarah: I want some more chickens.​ Although technically wrong, overregularization is actually a sign of verbal sophistication: it shows that children are applying the rules. Indeed, as young children become more conscious of grammatical usages, they exhibit increasingly sophisticated misapplication of them. A child who at age 2 correctly says she broke a glass may at age 4 say she braked one and then at age 5 say she did braked another.(Kathleen Stassen Berger, The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence) Regularizing the Language Regularization errors have been taken as evidence either that children rely on a template or schema for producing a stem and inflection, or that they have started to make use of an abstract rule . . ..Many observers, from at least Rousseau on, have noticed that children tend to regularize their language, getting rid of many irregular forms in adult use. Berko (1958) was one of the first people to offer experimental evidence that by age five to seven, children had identified different inflectional affixes and were able to add them to nonsense stems they had never heard before.(Eve V. Clark, First Language Acquisition) Overregularization and Language Development [O]verregularization errors occur over protracted periods of development.  Marcus et al. demonstrated that the rate of  overregularization is  much lower than was typically assumed, i.e., children usually do not overregularize more often than 5-10% of the irregular verbs in their expressive vocabularies at any given time. Furthermore, the correct past tense form co-occurs with the incorrect version.(Jeffrey L. Elman et al., Rethinking Innateness: A Connectionist Perspective on Development) Sources The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence, 2003. Regular and Irregular Morphology and the Psychological Status of Rules of Grammar in The Reality of Linguistic Rules, 1994.

The American Gothic in The Fall of the House of Usher by...

The end of the eighteenth century brought about the beginning of a new genre of literature in America; the American Gothic. Already a popular genre in Europe, this new strain of literature in America arose to create a rather abrupt contrast to the Enlightenment foundations upon which American was born. Instead of concerning subjects of liberty and the pursuit of happiness; key elements of the American dream, American Gothic literature embodies and gives voice to the dark nightmare that is the underside of the American dream (Savoy, 2003, pg. 167) Although containing many similar elements to that of its European counterpart, American Gothic has its own distinct features that make it particularly American. These features include†¦show more content†¦2). Gothic tales rely upon and are defined as being tales of mystery and horror. According to A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, the Gothic tale contains a strong element of the supernatural... monstrous apparition s and curses; a stupefying atmosphere of doom and gloom ... wicked tyrants, malevolent witches, demonic powers of an unspeakably hideous aspect, and a proper complement of spooky effects and clanking spectre (Cuddon, 2012; Gothic novel/fiction). Edgar Allan Poe is well known across the globe for his Gothic tales. The Fall of the House of Usher exhibits many of the above characteristics which make it a mystifying and terror filled classic work of Gothic fiction. However, as Poes short story is a piece of American Gothic there are a number of specific features that make it distinctly American. Poe opens his short story with a quote by De Beranger which translates to His/her heart is a poised lute; as soon as it is touched, it resounds, immediately Poe casts an eerie spell over the reader sucking one in to this mystifying fiction. The language Poe uses to create an atmosphere of doom and gloom is impressive, words like dull, dark and soundless, hung oppressively low and insufferable gloom (Poe, pg.1) show the repetition of broad vowel sounds a, o and u. This assonance serves to slow down reading of the line and creates a desolate atmospheric feeling. The first distinct American element ofShow MoreRelated A Critical Essay on Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)1221 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"architecture and settings are more important in Gothic fiction than in any other type of literature†¦all architectural elements are closely connected with Gothic protagonists and the plot.† (Zamfir. 2011: 15). This critical essay will first consider and analyse this statement and investigate the style, language and form of the American author Edgar Allan Poe’s (1809-1849) macabre and Gothic fictional prose The Fall of the House of Usher (1839) (Poe. 1987: 1). I shall present and argue how the artisticRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Biography. By. Alyssa Marshall.1260 Words   |  6 Pages Edgar Allan Poe Biography By Alyssa Marshall Mrs. Guinn English III March 6, 2017 Abstract Edgar Allan Poe was a writer in the â€Å"Gothic Era†, many of his stories genres are horror like â€Å" The Masque of The Red Death†, mystery such as â€Å" The Fall of The House of Usher†, lost love as in â€Å" The Raven†, and obsession such as â€Å" The Pit and The Pendulum†. Edgar’s poemsRead MoreFall of the House of Usher Literary Analysis Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis As with many of Edgar Allan Poes pieces, The Fall of the House of Usher falls within the definition of American Gothic Literature. According to Prentice Hall Literature, American Gothic Literature is characterized by a bleak or remote setting, macabre or violent incidents, characters being in psychological or physical torment, or a supernatural or otherworldly involvement (311). A story containing these attributes can result in a very frightening or morbid read. In all probabilityRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1243 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Fall Of The House Of Usher:† The Mysterious Family In the story â€Å" The Fall of the House of Usher† by Edgar Allan Poe, has an American romanticism with its characters. Edgar Allan Poe is considered a Dark Romanticism because of the way he writes his poems and short stories centered around the concept of evil human nature, darkness, and death. Roderick and Madeline Usher were said to be related during the middle of the story; they were twins. It explained how they were sick, Roderick had a mentalRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher1133 Words   |  5 Pagesthe story â€Å" The Fall of the House of Usher† by Edgar Allan Poe, has american romanticism with the characters. Edgar Allan Poe is considered a Dark Romanticism because of his poems and short stories centered around the ideas of evil human nature, darkness, and death. Roderick Usher and Madeline were that kind of person in this story; they were twins. There were sick; Roderick had mental disorder and physically and Madeline was physically sick. As the narra tor enters the desolate house, he finds bothRead MoreGothic Literature : Edgar Allan Poe928 Words   |  4 PagesGothic is a term associated with a plethora of authors, a few names that arise in the mind when mentioning the genre’s influence on American grounds are William Faulkner (associated with the sub-genre Southern Gothic), Washington Irving and the ever-so-famous Edgar Allan-Poe. The latter being known as one of the prominent authors of American Gothicism. Poe, just like every great author, had his influences in Gothicism. First of all, Gothic is a term in literature that describes a combination ofRead More A Critical Essay on Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)1760 Words   |  8 Pages‘architecture and settings are more important in Gothic fiction than in any other type of literature.’ (Zamfir. 2011: 15). The nature of architectural space performs a significant role within the narrative structure of Gothic fiction as it cre ates and builds layers of imagery that signify the horrific and gloomy; a construction full of atmosphere and suspense. It was the Gothic writer Horace Walpole (1717-1797) who first illustrated in his Gothic novel The Castle of Otranto (1764) an example symbolicRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Research Paper931 Words   |  4 PagesHonors 13 February 2012 Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was a sick man that went through a troubling life full of tragedies. For Poe to deal with this he drank and poured his feelings into his works. Honestly as horrible it is that he had to go through all of that we should be grateful because without his suffering these masterpieces wouldn’t have been fabricated. While intensifying his philosophy for short stories Edgar Allan Poe wrote â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† reflecting the characteristicsRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Fall Of The House Of Usher1169 Words   |  5 PagesShining and It on his resume. However, King would be nothing if it weren’t for the tortured, Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849). Poe’s works seem to project the monsters and ghosts which lived inside him, through his awful, short life. Poe writings are woven tightly with language holding hidden meanings and psychological anguish. Argumentary the most famous work of Poe is The Fall of the House of Usher(The House of U sher), as the short story incorporates every trope of modern horror, important among these isRead More A Critical Essay on Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)2193 Words   |  9 Pagessettings are more important in Gothic fiction than in any other type of literature.’ (Zamfir. 2011: 15). The execution and the nature of architectural space performs a significant role within the narrative structure of Gothic fiction as it creates and builds layers of imagery that signify the horrific and gloomy. This is illustrative of a building construction, one in which creates an atmosphere of suspense, a prominent aspect to the Gothic fiction genre. It was the Gothic writer Horace Walpole (1717-1797)

Terry Eagleton and Literature Theory free essay sample

Doing a polemical study of contemporary literary theory, Eagleton introduces us in this world explaining what is actually fiction. a. Imaginative writing One definition is that literature is imaginative writing, based on its fictionality and do not engage in the literal truth. However, Eagleton rejects this theory, since the literature also includes nonfiction genres such as essay and autobiography. Distinguishing between fiction and fact, or truth and fantasy is considered too controversial to us led to a satisfactory demarcation. . The particular use of language According to this definition, literature is a particular use of language, which changes the ordinary language and makes it stronger. Fiction has its laws, structures and procedures that should be studied and not a means for transmitting ideas, nor a reflection of social reality. As such it was studying the Russian formalists, who analyzed the content rather than form, as the sum of the measures that the combined effect of d eautomatization. But even this theory is not good since it is required for normal deautomatization linguistic background and understanding of a work as literature depends on the context. . Unpragmatical form of discourse Literary is what no practical function, does not serve any purpose. Fiction becomes autoreferential language because it refers to itself and is not an essential truth of what it says, but the way it is spoken. This definition is therefore not objective because it depends on how we read. It is also the practical problem of understanding the history and unpragmaticality is inherent in the species which are not literature. . Good or treasured writing To any literary work should fall into the category of beauty as well as universally accepted and esteemed spellings. The problem is that the penmanship is unclear, vague and biased concept. definition of beauty changes over different societies and historical periods. Therefore there is no literary work that would be valuable in itself becau se the value of temporary fix. Eagleton concludes that literature can never be objective because it is based on values that are rooted deep within us. It is more than what people understand by this term, is closely related to the social ideology and implies a political stance. 1st The development of English as an academic subject In eighteenth century England is a literary term embracing all forms of writing valued y society and each work is evaluated with respect to the standards (the ideological scale). So many works of literature today, have remained outside these categories, and vice versa (l still doubt whether the novel to enter into this category). England then came out of the war and restoring social order gets a new literature of importance including a number of ideological institutions whose purpose is the spread of refinement of conduct for the assimilation of the middle class. Todays notion of literature was found in the romantic period (19th century). It began by the oetry and literature becomes. During this period comes to the rise of modern aesthetics that inherit the concepts of symbols, aesthetic experience and aesthetic harmony and the unique nature of the artifact. It appears that the opinion of creative writing in itself, that his sense of uselessness. In the 19th century comes to an ideological crisis, faith lost their role and replaces the English language and literature as a form of ideology that affects the feelings and experiences, and operates at all social levels, and its the truth, resist rational explanation and therefore absolute. The main figure of this period was Matthew Arnold who saw the need to cultivate a lower middle class, finding that her fiction transmit moral values and awaken national pride. English as a subject was introduced first at technical institutes and universities working and considered the case for men and women of lower class. It is not considered particularly demanding with respect to dealing with sophisticated emotions. Eventually she began to have more masculine characteristics and served for the awakening of national identity (suitable for his victory over Germany in the 1st World War). Fighters for the English were not peer-amateurs who worked the first chair at Oxford and Camebridge, but they came from the social class of merchants and craftsmen. The most significant was F. R. Leavis. His followers opposed to the old ideology and emphasized the importance of critical analysis and rigorous attention to reading. 1932nd Scrutiny launched a magazine, which is characterized by belief in the importance of the moral dimensions of the pivotal role of the English language and literature throughout the life of English society, and have thereby created a movement that the English turned into a serious discipline. Favored the elitism, which is pretty pointless and unjustified, because not all who are not well acquainted with literature call on Les Mis ©rables and wildlife. Being a student of English in Camebridge late 20s and 30s meant to lead the most important and meaningful life. Leavses followers believed in the fundamental Englishness of English language, which is moving the emphasis of the class within the culture and turned into folklore. American New Criticism blooms from 30s to 50s and includes the works of Eliot, Richards, and Leavis Empson. According to them, poetry is one possible solution loss f sensory richness, and the intentions of the author is not relevant for the interpretation of the text. Empson recognizes that the meaning of the text undetectable and can not be reduced to the final interpretation. 2nd Phenomenology, hermeneutics, reception theory Husserl to his philosophical method gives the name of phenomenology, which is the science of phenomena, which examines the subject until you get to it to be unchangeable. Phenomenological reduction to exclude everything that is not an inherent awareness because we can not be sure of the existence of things independent of us. Puts man at the center and at the start (it is important to me I experience things). Phenomenology is influenced by the Russian formalists. As Husserl puts in parentheses real thing, so poetry is really off the subject and focuses on the way to his observations. The biggest impact was on the phenomenology of the Geneva school that seeks to reading that does not affect anything outside the text itself. Phenomenology of passively accepting the text as a mere copy of its essence. the expression of its inner meaning. Therefore, his work is often called existentialist. He is human being, that being in the world people are Just because we are onnected to others and the material world. Human knowledge is based and moves within preontological understanding of the battle preunderstanding (before you start to think, but we have collected a number of assumptions in practice). Language is a dimension in which human life takes place, and art is estrangement. Literary interpretation is what we have to allow that to happen, we must stand to open the text that he tested us. Hirsch said that there may be several different valid interpretations, but all must move within the typical expectations and probabilities. Work a writer gives meaning, purpose and readers. Meaning precedes language, it is fixed and the thing is awareness, not words, belongs to the sole author. For Gadamer the meaning of a literary work does not exhaust the intentions of the author and it is not fixed and unchangeable, but socially conditioned. In writing it is impossible to fathom, because each interpretation works from the past is the dialogue of past and present, in which the work get the meaning which the author did not count. Hermeneutics argues that literary works form an organic whole and sees history as a dialogue of the past, present and future. The theory of reception is the newest form of hermeneutics that was developed in Germany. It examines the role of the reader to the literature, which is new (so far is the history of modern literary theory was concerned with the author and text). Ingarden says that the work exists only when a number of schemes or general guidelines that the reader has to make concrete. The reader brings to the work of the a priori way of understanding, beliefs and expectations of the context within which assesses the various features of the work, which can be changed by entering new information. Iser, a member of the school reception aesthetics, says that the need for reading knowledge of literary techniques and conventions to which the work speak, understand the code works. The most effective is the work that the reader be a new critical awareness of the established codes. Reading strategies we change the text and the text changes us. The point of reading is the awakening consciousness of readers about yourself and critical vision of his own personality. Anyone who has a strong ideological commitment, there will be a good reader, because it will not be open transformative impact of the work. Contrasting Isere, Barthes modern text seeks the destruction of the repressive system of thought Modern text undermine the readers cultural identity. Sartre says that every literary text is built on understanding the potential audience, or a certain kind of reader is already included in the act of writing. Fish accepts the assumption that there is an objective work of fiction, but that is a real writer, the reader works is the sum of all past and future thinking. Reading is not revealing the meaning, but knowledge of how the text works on us. Eagleton says that meaning is not set, but hat the reader has an active role in discovering meaning. There is no purely literary response to the work, all reactions are deeply embedded in the reader as a historical and social being. 3rd Structuralism and semiotics Frye believes that literature operates according to certain objective laws that critics categories of narrative comical, romantic, tragic and ironic. tragedy and comedy is divided into highly mimetic, lower mimetic the ironic mode. Removes the value judgments (because they are subjective) and context (as a literary work made up of other literary works), According to Fry the literature deals with the reorganization of he only relationship within himself (and does not apply to the outside world), and should not be regarded as a product of individual writers (she comes from a collective entity). Frye was called structuralist in a broader sense, because it occurred at a time when developing a classic European structuralism. Structuralists are concerned with structures and examination of the laws of their action. They believe that certain elements of any system have meaning only in its relation to other elements of the system ignores the actual content of the story and focuses exclusively on the form. In connection with the structuralist method are 3 more important things -Not measured, but analysis -Rejects the obvious meaning and seeks to extract deep structure -Content of the narrative is also its structure, the narrative is a story about herself De Saussure believes that language is a system of signs that should be studied synchronically (as a system within a certain period of time). Each character is composed of signifier and signified, whose connections are arbitrary. Interpreting the functional diversity that is the result of a character from other characters. De Saussure says that the objective hould be to study the structure of characters the language (langue), rather than actual speech (parole). His opinion on the language was also influenced by the Russian formalists in terms of observing the structure of literary texts. According to Jakobson, each communication includes 6 elements the sender, recipient, message, code, media and context. It also elaborates De Saussures unlike metaphors (the sign is replaced with other characters) and metonymy (the sign associated with the second character). General structuralism is an attempt to apply this theory to linguistic objects and activities outside the immediate area of language. Prague linguistic school of transition from formalism to structuralism, which is more or less merged with the word semiotics. Semiotics is a systematic study of signs and coincides with the structuralism. Its creator is Pierce. He distinguishes three types of signs-icons (a character that resembles what is), index (symbol associated with that which is on the sign) and symbols (a symbol is arbitrarily associated with its references). Lotman, a leading Soviet semiotics, looks at the text as a layered system whose meaning exists only within the context and meaning that manages a number of similarities and contradictions. Literary texts are drawn from a series of (lexical, metric, graphic, phonological ) and their beauty comes from their constant collisions and tensions. Literary work is the creation of violations and expectations, and its meaning depends on the readers horizon of expectations. Structuralism is a revolution in the study of narrative prose created a new literary science narratology. Narratology begins with Levi-Strauss analysis of myth as a series of variations on a few basic themes. Im a myth is a kind of language that can be broken down into smaller units (mitem), which receive their meaning only by combining the true eaning of the rules which constitute the foundations of this combination. Narratology extend this model to other types of storytelling. Propp as all fairy tales combination of these areas of activity. Gremais abstracts Propps actant scheme by introducing the notion that the structural unit. They were 6-subJect, object, sender, receiver, helper and opponent Genett in different narrative processing (sequence of events in the text), the story (the actual sequence of events) and narrative (the very act of storytelling). He distinguishes five central categories of narrative analysis red, uration, frequency, manner and voice. Structuralism has pointed to the fact that the literary work of a construct like any other product knowledge, and that the mechanisms of language can be analyzed and classified as in other sciences. What we put into the meaning of words depends on the linguistic community in which we live. The traditional criticism of the work amounted to a window in the writers soul, and structuralism, it has turned into a window to the universal consciousness. It is an ideal reader for structuralists is the one that has all the codes needed to fully understand the work. The shift from structuralism made Benveniste, a shift from language to discourse, because discourse includes those who speak and those who write. Bahtin, one of the leading critics of De Saussure, draws attention to the language of abstract systems to concretely express the individual in a particular social context that it changes shape and meaning. Language is a process of dialogue in it, we can only conceive of it as something necessarily addressed to others. Austin believes that the language does not serve merely to describe reality, but it is sometimes performativ, that is directed to carry out actions. Poststrukturalizam Poststructuralism separates signifier and signified. The sign must not have present meaning, nor has it ever clean is a complete meaning. The meaning is never identical to itself because the characters must be repeatable. It must be reproducible, because it can always play in a different context that it changes the meaning. Thus the written text can be used as t he author had intended Derrida every system of thought which depends on the impregnable called metaphysical, and thinks that metaphysics is deeply embedded in us that can not be destroyed without re- renewals Deconstruction. The system operates on the principle of binary oppositions. Deconstruction demonstrates how these contrary undermine each other in the process of textual meanings. Derrida attempts to show how literary discourse point of dissemination (overflow and spray intended) obvious. Barthes goes from structuralism to poststructuralism. His theme is language and character as a historical and social understanding. Healthy sign for him is one that when the communication of meaning draws attention to their arbitrariness, as opposed to natural character. For Barthes the most interesting texts for criticism are those who an read, but those who lead us in writing, to transfer to other discourses. All literary texts are woven out of other literary texts all literature is intertextual. In literature his language, not the author. The transition to post-structuralism represents a shift from the concept works as a closed unit with a specific meaning to the notion that this is the endless play of signifiers which can never attach to the end of the crux. The works of applied 4 codes -narrative, hermeneutical, in culture, semical and symbolic. For post-structuralism has no clear boundaries between criticism and 5th Psychoanalysis According to Freud, human history is managed needs to work, which forces us to suppress the desire for pleasure and satisfaction. People are forced to suppress the principle of pleasure by applying the principles of reality, or comes to mental disorders (neuroses). This leads to the paradox we become what we are yet strong suppression elements that are so made. Freud in the process of growing three different stages oral (associated with the desire of entering items in the body), anal (anus erogenous zone, pleasure in eliminating waste) and Phallically (a childs libido is focused on the genitals). The mechanism that shapes the child in the persons edip complex. Earliest relationship of mother and child becomes the triad, where same- sex parent in your childs eyes become rivals in the battle for the love of the parents of the same sex. A boy from a desire for her mother discourages fathers threat of castration, and the girl, Freud did not present a reason to discourage her father. Overcoming the Oedipus complex, the child becomes the subject of gender and desire for the parent pushes the unconscious, the area of the desire for pleasure. The symbolic fulfillment of the dreams of our desires (in which the desire to ransform the symbols, where the meaning of condensing and dislocating), voice omissions, failures in memory, errors in reading, displacement case. The essence of healing by Freud in the transfer, ascription to their own wishes and feelings of others. Freuds theory of space divergence and attacks because many of the problematic. For example, a complaint that psychoanalysis forces the individual to the submission to an arbitrary definition of normal, that Freud is pansexual. Lacan psychoanalytic theorist who reinterpreted Freud in the light of structuralism and poststructuralism. A child in the earliest period, the imaginary phase, can not ifferentiate yourself from the outside world, subject from object. The next phase is a mirror and it starts the process of building its own center of being. Father in Lacan is the law, primarily the prohibition of incest. The child must understand that identity is formed as a result of diversity. accepting it, switches to the symbolic order, given the structure of social and gender roles and relations. The subject at the end of this process is split between the conscious and unconscious. Lacan believes that the unconscious is structured like language, it is Just a constant movement and action of ignifiers which are often marked with mysterious to us because they are repressed. For Lacans entire speech language blunders, we can never want to say exactly what we say and never say exactly what we want to say. Althusser asks how to be human subjects comply with the ruling ideology of society in which they live. This is because in the eyes of society the individual is not impersonal structure, but the entity that addresses him, he admits it and makes it clear that he appreciates and thus makes it free. Holland approached literary work as something that the reader gains a mutual antasy game and knowing the defense of these fantasies. Bloom preformulated history of literature in light of the Oedipus complex. Kristeva opposes semiotic symbolic order. Political criticism ideological history, which is closely linked. There is pure theory. No literature irrespective of the manner in which it is treated within specific forms of social and institutional life. Literary criticism should not be criticized because it is politicized, but because it is disguised or not such, and we under the guise of the universal sale doctrine, which serve the interests of consolidating certain groups of people in a articular historical moment. Literary theory has no unity or identity. The illusion is that it will be different from other sciences if you focus on one subject. Eagleton says that literature was understood as meaning that filling an entire area of operations, which Foucault calls discursive practices, and that all that area should become a subject of critical research. The oldest form of literary criticism is rhetoric, which is examining the way in which language is made to achieve a certain effect on the reader. The rhetoric was a creative and critical activity, including rhetorical art and science of it. Eagleton returned to literary criticism on the abandoned tracks, rhetoric, because it deals with a wide range of discursive practices in society, a special interest paid to the interpretation of such practices as forms of power and skill performance. The existence non political performance is an illusion, which contributes even more effective use of literature for political purposes. All forms of discourse and semantic character of practices produce certain effects, influence the shaping of our conscious and unconscious thinking and is closely associated with supporting or changing the existing power system.

Royal Dutch Shell free essay sample

Shell plc (Shell) is one of global leading energy and petrochemical companies. Its foundation dated back to 19 Century but it fully formed after merger of Royal Dutch  and Shell Transport in 1907. Now, Shell, headquartered in The Hague, operates in more than 140 countries or areas and employs approximately 87,000 staffs. Shell businesses expand from upstream to downstream: it is engaged in exploration, production, refining, transportation and retailing of gas, oil, oil derivatives, electricity and chemicals; the company is also interested in global energy innovation such as renewable sources of energies. However, Royal Dutch Shell has been struggling to capture investor’s imagination after 2009 (Shell Annual Report, 2012). Although revenues and profits had recovered, Niger Delta and North Sea oil spilling almost destroyed Shell’s revival dream. The recent figures are still disappointing: Shell suffered more than 30 per cent drop in profits in recent successive quarters (2nd Quarter Unaudited Results 3rd Quarter Unaudited Results, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Royal Dutch Shell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What are the factors to Shell’s loss? Is that caused by Financial Crisis or European Debt Crisis? Or caused by Oil Spill? Or caused by deep business environmental changes? Identifying Challenges Analysis should start at the general to focus down, called outside-in analytical framework (Angwin et al, 2011). The interaction of an organisation with external environment is decomposed into macro-environment influences, meso-environment influences and micro-environment influences. Macro-environment analysis assesses the stability and complexity in energy industry. Meso-environment analysis focuses on competitive arena; more specifically, it reveals interaction and power of Shell with other main market components. Micro-environment analysis shows competition position in energy industry: it identifies and compares performances of global energy giants. However, the largest degree of influence is from focal company itself; namely, internal environment where decisions are made about corporate strategy and resource policy. Employing outside-in approach contributes to avoid myopia which seeing the real business world on focal firm’s standpoint and thus increases the accuracy of strategic analysis. Macro-environment Macro-environmental analysis is the first and necessary part of systematic strategic analysis. In today varied and complex business world, PESTEL is a common conceptual tool used in macro-environmental analysis. This framework identifies current and potential changes in a large macro-territory (Fahey Narayanan, 1986) and assesses the impact of changes on firm’s industry and itself (Ginter Duncan, 1990). P stands for political factors that determine governmental influence on economy or a certain industry. Political aspects have significant influence in oil and gas industry. It is because most countries regard oil and gas, main products in energy industry, as strategic materials. The energy independence is a preferential aim for the countries who intend to avoid economic blackmail and political suppression from other countries and organisations like OPEC (Talevski Lima, 2009). Thus the authorities strictly control foreign investments into oil and gas drilling and production and allow limited rights to transport and retail oil, gas and other petrochemical products (EIA, 2008), which limit access to proven reserves and potential markets. Besides, the political stability has impacts, especially in North Africa and Middle East. Instability, including political or economic terrorism, civil unrest, acts of war, piracy on high sea and governmental sanctions can discourage investments and disrupt safe operations and products transports (Talevski Lima, 2009). E stands for economic factors that determine economy’s performance with resonating long-term effects. Demand for oil and gas is determined by economic prosperity because most industries and transportation run on fuels (Talevski Lima, 2009). Under current unclear â€Å"economic slowdown†, the demand-and-supply relationship of fuels seems unpredictable. It results in fluctuating price of crude oil, natural gas, and petrochemical products with material impacts on oil and gas industry (Shell Annual Report, 2012). Specifically, in a low fuels price environment, corporates gain less revenue from upstream business because of shrinking margins between raw materials and products; while in a high fuels price environment, corporates suffers less entitlement to proved reserves and lower product demands, which reduces profitability of downstream business. S stands for social factors that influence social-cultural environment of market. Suffering the fears of global warming, people show increasing concerns about natural environment. The considerations shape preference for green energies rather than fossil fuels, especially in developed countries. Population in developed countries, primary consumers of hydrocarbons, consciously diminish needs for oil and gas but boost needs for renewable energies (Trifu, 2012). It entails heavy investments in research development in new energies. Besides, public concerns about corporate social responsibility push energy giants to protect all stakeholders’ profits, such as employees and neighbours at increasing expenditure on optimising manufacturing process, building infrastructure and training employees. T stands for technological factors related to innovations that may affect the operation or markets. Technology is key element in upstream business and downstream business: innovations in exploration and production (upstream) contribute to discover new hydrocarbon reserves or enhance recovery of oil and gas; while in the downstream, optimising reefing process of varying quality and developing marketing campaigns based on technological advance (like communication in social media) help corporates reduce operational costs and enhance margins (BP Annual Report, 2008). Thus corporates should be charged a considerable sum on research development. Additionally, technological improvement in substitutes and complementary products alter the demands for different sources of energies. Generally speaking, the dominance of hydrocarbon should be replaced if the increasing number of complementary products driven by green energies emerges and the costs on exploiting and manufacturing substitutes decrease. E stands for environmental factors that influence or are determined by the surroundings. Most energy companies have been involved in environmental pollution. Increasingly strict environmental restrictions require energy companies spend share of their profits in technological innovation and waste disposal to environmental restoration and remediation (BP Annual Report, 2008). Besides, an uneven geographical distribution of hydrocarbon and separability of production fields and markets expose oil and gas companies to safety issues and environmental issues in transportation (Talevski Lima, 2009), such as BP oil spilling in Gulf of Mexico. Transportation process requires special care at large human, material and capital inputs. Thus environmental issues are threats to profitability. L stands for legal factors that laws affect the business environment. Legal regulations subjected to energy companies includes imposition of exploitation obligations, regulations on field development and decommissioning, proposed fuel specifications, the provision of health-safety-security-and-environment protection, emission controls, climate change programs, the provision of disposal or releases of chemicals or petroleum substances, the clauses of antitrust and competition, upfront concession fees , special royalties and taxes (Talevski Lima, 2009; Trifu, 2012). More stringent legal restrictions might induce damage to corporate images, larger fees required in business activities or even loss of licence to operate in a certain area (Shell Annual Report, 2012). Meso-environment Analysis about meso-environment examines competitive structure. Porter’s Five Forces should be advised: It identifies five basic competitive forces which influence focal participants’ income statements and balance sheets through prices, costs and investments (Porter, 2008). Meso-environmental analysis tries to understand underpinnings of competition and causes of profitability in oil and gas industry. The threat of new entrants is insignificant. There are large capital investments tied to all vertical activities like exploration of new fields, setting-up production facilities, scientific research and accessing to distribution channel. Enormous fixed up-front investment creates barriers to potential entrants (Talevski Lima, 2009). Economies of scale/scope are another barrier to new participants. Higher unit costs in exploration and production and lower volume of business result in a small profit margin, which adversely affect returns of money in the start-up (Dess et al., 2004). The threat of substitutes seems not significant today but increasingly influential in following years. Oil and gas are still dominant in many sectors, especially in transportation and industry; and it is estimated to stay the dominance until 2030 (IEA, 2008). However, with the technological advances in drilling and processing new energies and rising concerns on planet, green energies like renewable energies and nuclear energies are predicted to slowly but surely enlarge market share in the future. The bargaining power of buyers is complex. Generally, the power of buyers is low because the prices of oil and gas are globally given (Talevski Lima, 2009). However, the power of large consumers, like the US, the EU, China and Japan, are indeed strong because their enormous volumes of demands can alter global demands. Recently, theses primary consumers are trying to switch from heavy dependence on fossil fuels to renewable energies. Thus the strong bargaining power entails business revolution in oil and gas industry. The bargaining power of suppliers depends on which type of suppliers they are. The conventional suppliers that provide supporting products/services seem disadvantaged because oil and gas industry has a wide range of small unconsolidated sub-suppliers from various sectors. While the suppliers of oil or gas field exert power: no one corporates can operate in a certain country without permission. These countries can determine the supply of materials. Thus their policy and regulation on oil and gas are quite important to energy companies. The intensity of rivalry is high. The slow industry growth and product homogeneity create small profits margins through technological or managerial innovation. Besides, the needs to replace drying fields exacerbate competition due to the fact that new reserves are more difficult to access. All of them force major and strong oligopolistic players overcome competitive constrains through aggressive activities like mergers, acquisitions and alliances (Weston et al. , 2001). Micro-environment Micro-environment analysis attempts to identify Shell’s competitive position through comparing competitors’ superior performances. Fiercer competition on differentiating products is a characteristic of oil and gas industry. BP intended to gain first-mover advantages. BP has engaged in renewables energies, especially in wind, solar and biofuels (Datamonitor, 2010). Until the end of 2009, BP has more than 500 MW of installed capacity through wind power; the whole solar value chain has been built; and more than $1 billion planned investments was into biofuels business operation. The Total S. A. refused to be inferior: the investments into renewable energies are also considerable (Datamonitor, 2010). Slow differentiation process might erode Shell’s competitive position. Increasing competition from government-run companies such as China National Petroleum Corporation and Sinopec creates threats to publicly held oil and gas companies, especially in seeking access to the fields (Shell Annual Report, 2012). These government-run entities have partial access to significant reserves and desirable projects. They are also sometimes motivated by political or other factors in making business decision which is abnormal in markets or harm to competitors. These partial competitive advantages supported by national governments should be achieved at independent participants’ loss. Internal Environment Internal-environmental analysis focuses on firm-specific factors. The frequent oil spilling disasters have troubled Shell for a long time. Recently, these problems become even worse. The oil spilling in Nigeria mainly caused by lack of maintenance on pipeline resulted in up to 40,000 barrels of crude oil spilling 75 miles off the coasts of Niger Delta (Vidal, 2011); the following oil leaking in North Sea caused by immature deep-water drilling technology and operator error resulted in more than 1,300 barrels of crude oil spilling (BBC news, 2011). However, Shell’s responses to extreme events seem unacceptable. Criticisms referred to late disclosure of information about leaking events, sluggish efforts to stop leakage, false claims on responsibility and reluctance on compensation (Macalister, 2013; Watkins, 2013). It makes Shell face not only considerable economic losses from business interruption, rehabilitative measures and fines on environmental pollution which caused losing leading company position (Datamonitor, 2010; MarketLine, 2013), but also a credibility problem and even corporate images damage (ICMR, 2010). Another threat is from globalisation outsourcing. Shell’s operation is on more than 70 countries with differing degrees of political, legal and fiscal stability. A wide range of political developments might affect operations, especially in the upstream, referring to land tenure, re-writing of leases, entitlement to produced hydrocarbons, production rates, and royalties (Shell Annual Report, 2012). Cross-border transaction also exposed Shell to risks from fluctuating foreign exchange rate. Changing foreign exchange rate increases transaction risks (caused by time delay between signing and settling contracts) and translational risks (caused by operating in foreign currencies but showing on balance sheets in home currency), which increase unpredictability in estimating costs and revenues (Sorensen and Kyle, 2008). Furthermore, Shell face competition from powerful local rivals when entering overseas market. Wining in the competition require large investments particularly when the rivalry happens in home country of government-run firms. Key Challenges The greatest challenge is from the increasing environmental concerns, leading to stringent environmental regulation and growing demands to green energies in future market. Hart pointed (1995) corporate competitive advantages should be rooted in capabilities in promoting environmentally-friendly economic activities, namely the natural-resource-based view of the firm. However, most core businesses of Shell, especially in upstream activities, still cause huge damages to ecosystem. This trend creates a puzzle: how to modify current environment-damaged portfolio to satisfy growing requirements to environmentally-friendly business model. In other words, it determines Shell’s future business development direction: from traditional fossil fuel company to environment-oriented energy giants-to sustain competitive advantages by pollution prevention, product stewardship and sustainable development (Hart, 1995). The second key challenge is from poor crisis management strategy. Current activities in value chain exposure Shell to safety disasters in drilling, production, refining, and transportation process. It seriously hurts social benefit, especially the safety of nearby residence. Growing concerns about corporate social responsibility set higher requirements to Shell to manage crisis. How to win customer’s trusts and recover the credibility depends on Shell’s improvements in social-responsible performance. It determines Shell’s future strategic direction: from high-level risk-facing but low-level risking-taking company to lower-risk and strong anti-risk company with organisational and policy synergies which extend beyond â€Å"principles† to the serious treatments by every staff to think about threats and adopt their behaviour to avoid potential crisis or to manage happened crisis (McConnell Drennan, 2006). The third key challenge is from globalisation business model in oil and gas industry. This model tightly ties demand to Shell’s products to global economic prosperity and depression. It obviously brings greater difficulty to determine outputs in a certain period in order to balance demands and supply. Besides, the regional instability in political development and economic situation especially in currency makes it tougher for Shell to audit revenuesto control operations. Furthermore, competition from powerful local rivals is big challenge for Shell entering overseas market. To gain competitive advantages in international context should combine firm-specific resource and capabilities with certain national environment (Grant, 2008). In other words, how to shorten political, economic and cultural distances in globalisation should be Shell’s future direction on optimising integration of global resources (Ghemawat, 2001). Strategic Plan How to deal with the three contextual key challenges should be a serious question in Shell’s development plan. The measures to manage challenges can be understood as to pursue or sustain competitive advantages. In current market, external stakeholders are trying to keep companies accountable for social issues and demonstrate potentially large financial risks for the companies with damages to society or environments. Fulfilling social responsibility has been becoming inescapable requirements to keep competitive advantages. In order to embed a social perspective into its core value proposition, Shell should change from the fragmented and defensive position to the integrated and proactive posture. In other words, the focus must move from the focuses on corporate image to an emphasis on humanity and substance (Porter Kramer, 2006). Shared values among society (people), economy (profits) and environment (planet) can be realised (Jamali, 2006). The primary task is the shift from an environmentally-damaged producer to an environmentally-friendly corporation, namely, to achieve environment benefits. The first step is pollution abatement. There are two suggested approaches. Pollution control is using pollution control equipment to trap, store, treat and dispose emission and effluents. Another approach is pollution prevention, refers to reduce, change and prevent emission and effluents by greater housekeeping, material substitution, recycling and process innovation (Cairncross, 1991, Frosch Gallopoulos, 1989; Willig, 1994). Pollution prevention seems more important than pollution control: it tries to prevent and contain pollution in continuous-improvement methods rather than the old model of â€Å"polluting then cleaning up† at expense of non-recoverable ecological damages and expensive end-of-pipe capital investments to control emissions (Rooney, 1993). A pollution-prevention strategy emphasis on establishing capabilities in production and operation: it can be achieved through extensive and initiative employee involvement (Cole, 1991; Lawler, 1986) and continues improvement in waste reduction. Thus it is necessary to invest into inventing or introducing environmentally-friendly or resource-conserving facilities and innovating technology used in value chain. For example, non-phenolic and resin-coating technology  increase hydraulic fracturing efficiency: It allows coated sand to be produced with less energy requirement and environmental damages compared to current phenolic resins in the manufacturing process (Drilling Contractor, 2013). Building awareness of environmental protection and forcing involvement of employees also should be suggested. The second step is to product stewardship. It refers to direct the selection of raw materials and manage product design with aims at minimising environmental harm of product system. Exiting environmentally hazardous business and developing potential products with lower life-cycle costs should be the requirements to reasonable product management (Hart, 1995). To Shell, creating new products with low life-cycle costs will be dominant product strategy. It requests Shell to minimise the use of non-renewable materials, to avoid use of toxic materials and maximise the use of renewable resources (Robert, 1995). Developing renewable energy is a good choice. Shell is advised to develop wind, solar, hydropower, tidal, geothermal, biomass, landfill gas electricity generation and anaerobic digestion. These green energies not only satisfy legal and public expectations on environmental protection but also solve the problem of fossil fuels crisis. The third step is sustainable development. To achieve sustainable development demands a great deal of inputs and long-term commitments to develop market (Hart, 1995). To Shell, that means to create market demand transition from fossil fuel to renewable source of energies, especially in the developing countries. For example, Shell can make documentaries about production in the fossil fuels field and the renewable energy filed. This comparison might switch audiences’ preference for energies. Shell also can persuade energy-intensive producers to adopt green source of energies. Although there is little evidence showing the relationship between these efforts and short-term profits, the engagement to sustainable development will improvement firms’ long-term performance, reflected by price earnings or market-to-book ratios (Hart, 1995). The second task is to manage crisis, specifically to avoid potential crisis and to minimise the damages. That can be understood a task in protecting social benefits, especially nearby residence around Shell economic activities. There are five phase to accomplish crisis management (Mitroff, 1988). The first phase is signal deletion. Long before the crisis happened, there are repeated and persistent trials of warning signals. It is necessary for Shell to build various appropriate warning systems to identify diverse explicit or implicit signals. For example, the growing equipment faulty rate may imply the increasing possibility of accident and needs for maintenance. The second phase is preparation or prevention, referring to establish appropriate prevention and preparation mechanism. Specifically, prevention and preparation mechanism works through identifying any sign of weakness and then responding appropriately whatever problems is discovered. In this phase, Shell is required to ensure everything stay fixed even it works well now. The third phase is containment or damage limitation. It is important for Shell to build damage-limitation mechanisms in place. Preventing all crises seems impossible in oil and gas industry. How to prevent the harm from engulfing other parts of the corporate should be discussed. After every disaster happens, Shell should release relevant information as soon as possible and also clearly claim corporate responsibility. Although it may cause higher expense of recovery, these measures protect credibility in public, which is important for long-term development. The fourth phase is recovery. If Shell is not anticipatory, the aftermath is requested. That means Shell should build short-term and long-term recovery plan. For instance, in Nigeria Delta, how to degrade toxic substance in soil, air and water, how to recover soil fertility and how to rebuild broken ecosystem, which is highly related to local people’s health need to be considered. The final phase is learning. Shell should reassess the crisis happened on the past to improve capabilities in predicting crisis and avoiding crisis. The third task is to manage the difficulties in globalisation. The challenges are mainly from political difference, cultural distance and economic instability. Thus it is a task to shrink various distances in globalisation to realise economic profits. Political difference and cultural distance create barriers to foreign companies. International alliance and joint venture with powerful local market participant should be a suitable entry mode for Shell in overseas markets (Grant, 2008). It not only free Shell from political restrictions directed against foreign companies but also access market knowledge and distribution capabilities. Another strategy to shrink political and cultural distance is decentralisation. That means giving overseas subsidiaries higher level of freedoms in decision-making. These holders of first-hand information can modify Shell’s activities and respond the diverse political and customers’ requirements quickly and accurately. That is the process of localisation. The effects of economic instability also can be minimised by economic tools. For example, financial forward contracts help Shell avoid financial risks, such as fluctuating foreign exchange rate to guarantee the best possible outcomes in a certain production cycle (Shapiro, ND.) Although it cannot balance demand and supply fundamentally, the tools or frameworks tries to decrease damages from external economic changes. Conclusion Royal Dutch Shell was a successful corporation but now is suffering poor performance. In this essay, the author analyses the macro-environment, meso-environment, micro-environment and internal environment in outside-in approach to identify three key challenges in the long-term survival. They are increasing concerns in environmental protection, poor crisis management strategy and various distances in globalisation. They also can be understood the threats from environment, society and economy. Thus corporate social responsibility is the synergy. Environmental profits can be achieved through ppollution abatement, product stewardship and sustainable development; sociall profits can be realised by crisis management, including signal deletion, preparation and prevention, damage limitation, recovery and learning; economic profits can be accomplished by shrinking political, cultural and economic distance through alliance joint venture, decentralised management and leverage by economic tools. Royal Dutch Shell free essay sample Royal Dutch Shell plc (Shell) is one of global leading energy and petrochemical companies. Its foundation dated back to 19 Century but it fully formed after merger of Royal Dutch  and Shell Transport in 1907. Now, Shell, headquartered in The Hague, operates in more than 140 countries or areas and employs approximately 87,000 staffs. Shell businesses expand from upstream to downstream: it is engaged in exploration, production, refining, transportation and retailing of gas, oil, oil derivatives, electricity and chemicals; the company is also interested in global energy innovation such as renewable sources of energies. However, Royal Dutch Shell has been struggling to capture investor’s imagination after 2009 (Shell Annual Report, 2012). Although revenues and profits had recovered, Niger Delta and North Sea oil spilling almost destroyed Shell’s revival dream. The recent figures are still disappointing: Shell suffered more than 30 per cent drop in profits in recent successive quarters (2nd Quarter Unaudited Results 3rd Quarter Unaudited Results, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Royal Dutch Shell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What are the factors to Shell’s loss? Is that caused by Financial Crisis or European Debt Crisis? Or caused by Oil Spill? Or caused by deep business environmental changes? Identifying Challenges Analysis should start at the general to focus down, called outside-in analytical framework (Angwin et al, 2011). The interaction of an organisation with external environment is decomposed into macro-environment influences, meso-environment influences and micro-environment influences. Macro-environment analysis assesses the stability and complexity in energy industry. Meso-environment analysis focuses on competitive arena; more specifically, it reveals interaction and power of Shell with other main market components. Micro-environment analysis shows competition position in energy industry: it identifies and compares performances of global energy giants. However, the largest degree of influence is from focal company itself; namely, internal environment where decisions are made about corporate strategy and resource policy. Employing outside-in approach contributes to avoid myopia which seeing the real business world on focal firm’s standpoint and thus increases the accuracy of strategic analysis. Macro-environment Macro-environmental analysis is the first and necessary part of systematic strategic analysis. In today varied and complex business world, PESTEL is a common conceptual tool used in macro-environmental analysis. This framework identifies current and potential changes in a large macro-territory (Fahey Narayanan, 1986) and assesses the impact of changes on firm’s industry and itself (Ginter Duncan, 1990). P stands for political factors that determine governmental influence on economy or a certain industry. Political aspects have significant influence in oil and gas industry. It is because most countries regard oil and gas, main products in energy industry, as strategic materials. The energy independence is a preferential aim for the countries who intend to avoid economic blackmail and political suppression from other countries and organisations like OPEC (Talevski Lima, 2009). Thus the authorities strictly control foreign investments into oil and gas drilling and production and allow limited rights to transport and retail oil, gas and other petrochemical products (EIA, 2008), which limit access to proven reserves and potential markets. Besides, the political stability has impacts, especially in North Africa and Middle East. Instability, including political or economic terrorism, civil unrest, acts of war, piracy on high sea and governmental sanctions can discourage investments and disrupt safe operations and products transports (Talevski Lima, 2009). E stands for economic factors that determine economy’s performance with resonating long-term effects. Demand for oil and gas is determined by economic prosperity because most industries and transportation run on fuels (Talevski Lima, 2009). Under current unclear â€Å"economic slowdown†, the demand-and-supply relationship of fuels seems unpredictable. It results in fluctuating price of crude oil, natural gas, and petrochemical products with material impacts on oil and gas industry (Shell Annual Report, 2012). Specifically, in a low fuels price environment, corporates gain less revenue from upstream business because of shrinking margins between raw materials and products; while in a high fuels price environment, corporates suffers less entitlement to proved reserves and lower product demands, which reduces profitability of downstream business. S stands for social factors that influence social-cultural environment of market. Suffering the fears of global warming, people show increasing concerns about natural environment. The considerations shape preference for green energies rather than fossil fuels, especially in developed countries. Population in developed countries, primary consumers of hydrocarbons, consciously diminish needs for oil and gas but boost needs for renewable energies (Trifu, 2012). It entails heavy investments in research development in new energies. Besides, public concerns about corporate social responsibility push energy giants to protect all stakeholders’ profits, such as employees and neighbours at increasing expenditure on optimising manufacturing process, building infrastructure and training employees. T stands for technological factors related to innovations that may affect the operation or markets. Technology is key element in upstream business and downstream business: innovations in exploration and production (upstream) contribute to discover new hydrocarbon reserves or enhance recovery of oil and gas; while in the downstream, optimising reefing process of varying quality and developing marketing campaigns based on technological advance (like communication in social media) help corporates reduce operational costs and enhance margins (BP Annual Report, 2008). Thus corporates should be charged a considerable sum on research development. Additionally, technological improvement in substitutes and complementary products alter the demands for different sources of energies. Generally speaking, the dominance of hydrocarbon should be replaced if the increasing number of complementary products driven by green energies emerges and the costs on exploiting and manufacturing substitutes decrease. E stands for environmental factors that influence or are determined by the surroundings. Most energy companies have been involved in environmental pollution. Increasingly strict environmental restrictions require energy companies spend share of their profits in technological innovation and waste disposal to environmental restoration and remediation (BP Annual Report, 2008). Besides, an uneven geographical distribution of hydrocarbon and separability of production fields and markets expose oil and gas companies to safety issues and environmental issues in transportation (Talevski Lima, 2009), such as BP oil spilling in Gulf of Mexico. Transportation process requires special care at large human, material and capital inputs. Thus environmental issues are threats to profitability. L stands for legal factors that laws affect the business environment. Legal regulations subjected to energy companies includes imposition of exploitation obligations, regulations on field development and decommissioning, proposed fuel specifications, the provision of health-safety-security-and-environment protection, emission controls, climate change programs, the provision of disposal or releases of chemicals or petroleum substances, the clauses of antitrust and competition, upfront concession fees , special royalties and taxes (Talevski Lima, 2009; Trifu, 2012). More stringent legal restrictions might induce damage to corporate images, larger fees required in business activities or even loss of licence to operate in a certain area (Shell Annual Report, 2012). Meso-environment Analysis about meso-environment examines competitive structure. Porter’s Five Forces should be advised: It identifies five basic competitive forces which influence focal participants’ income statements and balance sheets through prices, costs and investments (Porter, 2008). Meso-environmental analysis tries to understand underpinnings of competition and causes of profitability in oil and gas industry. The threat of new entrants is insignificant. There are large capital investments tied to all vertical activities like exploration of new fields, setting-up production facilities, scientific research and accessing to distribution channel. Enormous fixed up-front investment creates barriers to potential entrants (Talevski Lima, 2009). Economies of scale/scope are another barrier to new participants. Higher unit costs in exploration and production and lower volume of business result in a small profit margin, which adversely affect returns of money in the start-up (Dess et al. The threat of substitutes seems not significant today but increasingly influential in following years. Oil and gas are still dominant in many sectors, especially in transportation and industry; and it is estimated to stay the dominance until 2030 (IEA, 2008). However, with the technological advances in drilling and processing new energies and rising concerns on planet, green energies like renewable energies and nuclear energies are predicted to slowly but surely enlarge market share in the future. The bargaining power of buyers is complex. Generally, the power of buyers is low because the prices of oil and gas are globally given (Talevski Lima, 2009). However, the power of large consumers, like the US, the EU, China and Japan, are indeed strong because their enormous volumes of demands can alter global demands. Recently, theses primary consumers are trying to switch from heavy dependence on fossil fuels to renewable energies. Thus the strong bargaining power entails business revolution in oil and gas industry. The bargaining power of suppliers depends on which type of suppliers they are. The conventional suppliers that provide supporting products/services seem disadvantaged because oil and gas industry has a wide range of small unconsolidated sub-suppliers from various sectors. While the suppliers of oil or gas field exert power: no one corporates can operate in a certain country without permission. These countries can determine the supply of materials. Thus their policy and regulation on oil and gas are quite important to energy companies. The intensity of rivalry is high. The slow industry growth and product homogeneity create small profits margins through technological or managerial innovation. Besides, the needs to replace drying fields exacerbate competition due to the fact that new reserves are more difficult to access. All of them force major and strong oligopolistic players overcome competitive constrains through aggressive activities like mergers, acquisitions and alliances (Weston et al. , 2001). Micro-environment Micro-environment analysis attempts to identify Shell’s competitive position through comparing competitors’ superior performances. Fiercer competition on differentiating products is a characteristic of oil and gas industry. BP intended to gain first-mover advantages. BP has engaged in renewables energies, especially in wind, solar and biofuels (Datamonitor, 2010). Until the end of 2009, BP has more than 500 MW of installed capacity through wind power; the whole solar value chain has been built; and more than $1 billion planned investments was into biofuels business operation. The Total S. A. refused to be inferior: the investments into renewable energies are also considerable (Datamonitor, 2010). Slow differentiation process might erode Shell’s competitive position. Increasing competition from government-run companies such as China National Petroleum Corporation and Sinopec creates threats to publicly held oil and gas companies, especially in seeking access to the fields (Shell Annual Report, 2012). These government-run entities have partial access to significant reserves and desirable projects. They are also sometimes motivated by political or other factors in making business decision which is abnormal in markets or harm to competitors. These partial competitive advantages supported by national governments should be achieved at independent participants’ loss. Internal Environment Internal-environmental analysis focuses on firm-specific factors. The frequent oil spilling disasters have troubled Shell for a long time. Recently, these problems become even worse. The oil spilling in Nigeria mainly caused by lack of maintenance on pipeline resulted in up to 40,000 barrels of crude oil spilling 75 miles off the coasts of Niger Delta (Vidal, 2011); the following oil leaking in North Sea caused by immature deep-water drilling technology and operator error resulted in more than 1,300 barrels of crude oil spilling (BBC news, 2011). However, Shell’s responses to extreme events seem unacceptable. Criticisms referred to late disclosure of information about leaking events, sluggish efforts to stop leakage, false claims on responsibility and reluctance on compensation (Macalister, 2013; Watkins, 2013). It makes Shell face not only considerable economic losses from business interruption, rehabilitative measures and fines on environmental pollution which caused losing leading company position (Datamonitor, 2010; MarketLine, 2013), but also a credibility problem and even corporate images damage (ICMR, 2010). Another threat is from globalisation outsourcing. Shell’s operation is on more than 70 countries with differing degrees of political, legal and fiscal stability. A wide range of political developments might affect operations, especially in the upstream, referring to land tenure, re-writing of leases, entitlement to produced hydrocarbons, production rates, and royalties (Shell Annual Report, 2012). Cross-border transaction also exposed Shell to risks from fluctuating foreign exchange rate. Changing foreign exchange rate increases transaction risks (caused by time delay between signing and settling contracts) and translational risks (caused by operating in foreign currencies but showing on balance sheets in home currency), which increase unpredictability in estimating costs and revenues (Sorensen and Kyle, 2008). Furthermore, Shell face competition from powerful local rivals when entering overseas market. Wining in the competition require large investments particularly when the rivalry happens in home country of government-run firms. Key Challenges The greatest challenge is from the increasing environmental concerns, leading to stringent environmental regulation and growing demands to green energies in future market. Hart pointed (1995) corporate competitive advantages should be rooted in capabilities in promoting environmentally-friendly economic activities, namely the natural-resource-based view of the firm. However, most core businesses of Shell, especially in upstream activities, still cause huge damages to ecosystem. This trend creates a puzzle: how to modify current environment-damaged portfolio to satisfy growing requirements to environmentally-friendly business model. In other words, it determines Shell’s future business development direction: from traditional fossil fuel company to environment-oriented energy giants-to sustain competitive advantages by pollution prevention, product stewardship and sustainable development (Hart, 1995). The second key challenge is from poor crisis management strategy. Current activities in value chain exposure Shell to safety disasters in drilling, production, refining, and transportation process. It seriously hurts social benefit, especially the safety of nearby residence. Growing concerns about corporate social responsibility set higher requirements to Shell to manage crisis. How to win customer’s trusts and recover the credibility depends on Shell’s improvements in social-responsible performance. It determines Shell’s future strategic direction: from high-level risk-facing but low-level risking-taking company to lower-risk and strong anti-risk company with organisational and policy synergies which extend beyond â€Å"principles† to the serious treatments by every staff to think about threats and adopt their behaviour to avoid potential crisis or to manage happened crisis (McConnell Drennan, 2006). The third key challenge is from globalisation business model in oil and gas industry. This model tightly ties demand to Shell’s products to global economic prosperity and depression. It obviously brings greater difficulty to determine outputs in a certain period in order to balance demands and supply. Besides, the regional instability in political development and economic situation especially in currency makes it tougher for Shell to audit revenuesto control operations. Furthermore, competition from powerful local rivals is big challenge for Shell entering overseas market. To gain competitive advantages in international context should combine firm-specific resource and capabilities with certain national environment (Grant, 2008). In other words, how to shorten political, economic and cultural distances in globalisation should be Shell’s future direction on optimising integration of global resources (Ghemawat, 2001). Strategic Plan How to deal with the three contextual key challenges should be a serious question in Shell’s development plan. The measures to manage challenges can be understood as to pursue or sustain competitive advantages. In current market, external stakeholders are trying to keep companies accountable for social issues and demonstrate potentially large financial risks for the companies with damages to society or environments. Fulfilling social responsibility has been becoming inescapable requirements to keep competitive advantages. In order to embed a social perspective into its core value proposition, Shell should change from the fragmented and defensive position to the integrated and proactive posture. In other words, the focus must move from the focuses on corporate image to an emphasis on humanity and substance (Porter Kramer, 2006). Shared values among society (people), economy (profits) and environment (planet) can be realised (Jamali, 2006). The primary task is the shift from an environmentally-damaged producer to an environmentally-friendly corporation, namely, to achieve environment benefits. The first step is pollution abatement. There are two suggested approaches. Pollution control is using pollution control equipment to trap, store, treat and dispose emission and effluents. Another approach is pollution prevention, refers to reduce, change and prevent emission and effluents by greater housekeeping, material substitution, recycling and process innovation (Cairncross, 1991, Frosch Gallopoulos, 1989; Willig, 1994). Pollution prevention seems more important than pollution control: it tries to prevent and contain pollution in continuous-improvement methods rather than the old model of â€Å"polluting then cleaning up† at expense of non-recoverable ecological damages and expensive end-of-pipe capital investments to control emissions (Rooney, 1993). A pollution-prevention strategy emphasis on establishing capabilities in production and operation: it can be achieved through extensive and initiative employee involvement (Cole, 1991; Lawler, 1986) and continues improvement in waste reduction. Thus it is necessary to invest into inventing or introducing environmentally-friendly or resource-conserving facilities and innovating technology used in value chain. For example, non-phenolic and resin-coating technology  increase hydraulic fracturing efficiency: It allows coated sand to be produced with less energy requirement and environmental damages compared to current phenolic resins in the manufacturing process (Drilling Contractor, 2013). Building awareness of environmental protection and forcing involvement of employees also should be suggested. The second step is to product stewardship. It refers to direct the selection of raw materials and manage product design with aims at minimising environmental harm of product system. Exiting environmentally hazardous business and developing potential products with lower life-cycle costs should be the requirements to reasonable product management (Hart, 1995). To Shell, creating new products with low life-cycle costs will be dominant product strategy. It requests Shell to minimise the use of non-renewable materials, to avoid use of toxic materials and maximise the use of renewable resources (Robert, 1995). Developing renewable energy is a good choice. Shell is advised to develop wind, solar, hydropower, tidal, geothermal, biomass, landfill gas electricity generation and anaerobic digestion. These green energies not only satisfy legal and public expectations on environmental protection but also solve the problem of fossil fuels crisis. The third step is sustainable development. To achieve sustainable development demands a great deal of inputs and long-term commitments to develop market (Hart, 1995). To Shell, that means to create market demand transition from fossil fuel to renewable source of energies, especially in the developing countries. For example, Shell can make documentaries about production in the fossil fuels field and the renewable energy filed. This comparison might switch audiences’ preference for energies. Shell also can persuade energy-intensive producers to adopt green source of energies. Although there is little evidence showing the relationship between these efforts and short-term profits, the engagement to sustainable development will improvement firms’ long-term performance, reflected by price earnings or market-to-book ratios (Hart, 1995). The second task is to manage crisis, specifically to avoid potential crisis and to minimise the damages. That can be understood a task in protecting social benefits, especially nearby residence around Shell economic activities. There are five phase to accomplish crisis management (Mitroff, 1988). The first phase is signal deletion. Long before the crisis happened, there are repeated and persistent trials of warning signals. It is necessary for Shell to build various appropriate warning systems to identify diverse explicit or implicit signals. For example, the growing equipment faulty rate may imply the increasing possibility of accident and needs for maintenance. The second phase is preparation or prevention, referring to establish appropriate prevention and preparation mechanism. Specifically, prevention and preparation mechanism works through identifying any sign of weakness and then responding appropriately whatever problems is discovered. In this phase, Shell is required to ensure everything stay fixed even it works well now. The third phase is containment or damage limitation. It is important for Shell to build damage-limitation mechanisms in place. Preventing all crises seems impossible in oil and gas industry. How to prevent the harm from engulfing other parts of the corporate should be discussed. After every disaster happens, Shell should release relevant information as soon as possible and also clearly claim corporate responsibility. Although it may cause higher expense of recovery, these measures protect credibility in public, which is important for long-term development. The fourth phase is recovery. If Shell is not anticipatory, the aftermath is requested. That means Shell should build short-term and long-term recovery plan. For instance, in Nigeria Delta, how to degrade toxic substance in soil, air and water, how to recover soil fertility and how to rebuild broken ecosystem, which is highly related to local people’s health need to be considered. The final phase is learning. Shell should reassess the crisis happened on the past to improve capabilities in predicting crisis and avoiding crisis. The third task is to manage the difficulties in globalisation. The challenges are mainly from political difference, cultural distance and economic instability. Thus it is a task to shrink various distances in globalisation to realise economic profits. Political difference and cultural distance create barriers to foreign companies. International alliance and joint venture with powerful local market participant should be a suitable entry mode for Shell in overseas markets (Grant, 2008). It not only free Shell from political restrictions directed against foreign companies but also access market knowledge and distribution capabilities. Another strategy to shrink political and cultural distance is decentralisation. That means giving overseas subsidiaries higher level of freedoms in decision-making. These holders of first-hand information can modify Shell’s activities and respond the diverse political and customers’ requirements quickly and accurately. That is the process of localisation. The effects of economic instability also can be minimised by economic tools. For example, financial forward contracts help Shell avoid financial risks, such as fluctuating foreign exchange rate to guarantee the best possible outcomes in a certain production cycle (Shapiro, ND. Although it cannot balance demand and supply fundamentally, the tools or frameworks tries to decrease damages from external economic changes. Conclusion Royal Dutch Shell was a successful corporation but now is suffering poor performance. In this essay, the author analyses the macro-environment, meso-environment, micro-environment and internal environment in outside-in approach to identify three key challenges in the long-term survival. They are increasing concerns in environmental protection, poor crisis management strategy and various distances in globalisation. They also can be understood the threats from environment, society and economy. Thus corporate social responsibility is the synergy. Environmental profits can be achieved through ppollution abatement, product stewardship and sustainable development; sociall profits can be realised by crisis management, including signal deletion, preparation and prevention, damage limitation, recovery and learning; economic profits can be accomplished by shrinking political, cultural and economic distance through alliance joint venture, decentralised management and leverage by economic tools.